the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 26 Nov 2024
Coupling ocean currents and waves for seamless cross-scale modeling during Medicane Ianos
Abstract. This study investigates the effects of a two-way wave-circulation coupled modeling framework during extreme weather events, with a particular focus on Medicane Ianos, one of the most intense cyclones occurred in the Mediterranean Sea. By utilizing a high-resolution unstructured numerical grid, the study explores wave-current interactions in both open ocean and coastal environments. To this scope, we developed the first external coupler dealing with the SHYFEM-MPI circulation model and the WAVEWATCH III wave model. The interactions considered in this framework include sea-state dependent momentum flux, radiation stress, Doppler shift, dynamic water depth for waves, and effective wind speed. The study adoptes a rigorous validation of the formulations using idealized benchmarks tailored for these specific processes. Afterwards, the modeling framework was employed in real-case simulations of Medicane Ianos. The model is calibrated, and the ocean variables are rigorously validated against in-situ and Earth Observation (EO) data, including satellite-based measurement. The study found that wave-induced surge components contribute from 10 to 30 % of the total water level during the storm, and that sea-state dependent momentum during a Medicane can influence the vertical structure of the ocean up to 100 m. The accuracy of the wave model improves by around 3 % in terms of RMSE when coupled with a circulation model.
This study underscores the importance of such coupled models in accurately forecasting Medicanes, storm surges, and their impacts, particularly as climate change intensifies extreme events in the Mediterranean Sea.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3517', Anonymous Referee #1, 30 Dec 2024
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Review of “Coupling ocean currents and waves for seamless cross- scale modeling during Medicane Ianos”
This is an interesting paper. It shows the impact of coupling a wave model to the circulation model SHYFEM and is presented as a novel feature. It might well be for SHYFEM but note that from a scientific point of view, this is not a novel feature. Over the last 30 years, there have been many studies recommending adding wave effects to circulation models. Some have led to operational implementations. Nevertheless, I would still recommend the publication of this research in the framework of research to develop systems to improve the modelling of extreme weather impact.
Comments
Line 70: I will note the very relevant study of Ferrarin et al. (2023):
https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/23/2273/2023/
Line 142 and Line 187: which Txxx package (T471?). Because you are using ST4, you need to mention that Janssen original formulation was modified by Ardhuin et al. (2010) of account for sheltering effect of long waves on the short waves (which Txxx package, hence which sheltering coefficient and hence the possible range of variation of betamax. It has not been mentioned which actual Txxx package was use and/or which value of betamax was selected. Users of WW3 tends to wrongly assume that it is ready out of the box to be coupled with other earth system model components. However, when using ST4, they then play around with betamax until they get satisfactory results. But, this has implication on the strength of the momentum flux. It is therefore imperative that it is demonstrated that the drag coefficient hence obtained is within physical bounds as expected from observations. For instance, I would strongly encourage comparing the drag coefficient (Cd (U10)) obtained with the coupled system to Edson et al. (2013) as it seen as one of the best estimates of the drag coefficient from the field
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/43/8/jpo-d-12-0173.1.xml
with the corrigendum
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/phoc/44/9/jpo-d-14-0140.1.xml
This would nicely complement Figure 12 and will inform reader on how it compares to Hellerman and Rosenstein (1983) used by the authors when not coupled.
Line 165: With only 6-hourly wind forcing from ECMWF, I can accept that updating the wave information only every hour was found to be optimal. Ideally with such an intense system such as a medicane, it would ideally be better to use higher frequency forcing (at least hourly), as would be available from short range forecasts. In that case, I would question whether better results could be obtained with more frequent updates in the coupling.
Line 429: A bit unclear here. IfI assume that you have use the winds relative to the surface currents (i.e. ECMWF winds – surface currents in vector calculation), but ECMWF analysis winds have been produced without the knowledge of those currents. Hersbach and Bidlot (2009) have shown that had the ECMWF analysis known about the currents, then the whole wind profile in the boundary layer would have changed to account for the change in surface stress. They have estimated that on average, only half of the surface currents should be subtracted from the analysis 10m winds
Hersbach H. and J.-R. Bidlot, 2009: The relevance of ocean surface current in the ECMWF analysis and forecast system. Proceeding from the ECMWF Workshop on Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction, 10-12 November 2008.
However, you might have meant the application of (7). If it is so, I would strongly recommend that you call this impact of gustiness on wave growth or something similar as relative winds usually means what I have described above.
There is no separate investigation of the actual impact of this wind adjustment (7) on the simulation. It is presented as a novel contribution and so I would expect to see its impact.Line 419: The authors state that the main contribution of the waves to the storm surge by the inclusion of the radiation stresses. However, several studies have also found that the sea state dependent momentum flux could also be a relevant factor (Bertin et al. 2015, Pineau-Guillou et al., 2020). It would be good to know the impact of either wave effect on the storm surge for Ianos
Bertin, X., Li, K., Roland, A., Bidlot, J.-R. 2015: The contribution of short-waves in storm surges: Two case studies in the Bay of Biscay. Continental Shelf Research 96, 1-15.
Pineau-Guillou L., Bouin M. N., Ardhuin F., Lyard F., Bidlot J. R., Chapron B., et al. (2020). Impact of wave-dependent stress on storm surge simulations in the North Sea: Ocean model evaluation against in situ and satellite observations. Ocean Modelling 154, 101694. doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2020.101694
Minor corrections:
Line 13: one of the most intense cyclones occurred -> one of the most intense cyclones to have occurred
Line 23: sea-state dependent momentum -> sea-state dependent momentum flux
Line 98: hurricane – medicane
Line 110: studies -> studies
Line 149: log-spatially varying wavenumber -> log varying frequency discretisation
Line 184: in (1), delta not defined
Line 185: wind-neutral -> neutral wind
Line 190: modified by the wave-supported stress τw -> modified by the ratio of the wave-supported stress τw to the total stress τ. τw represents the flux of momentum that is directly input into the wave field by the wind.
Line 192: according to WW3 manual, alpha_0 is most likely 0.0095 (one needs to know the exact Txxx version that was selected, or did you actually use 0.01?)
Line 201: “Abdalla and Bidlot (2002) formulated …” I know that the WW3 documentation for v 6.07 mentioned that it came from that work. But this is incorrect, ECMWF is using the gustiness parameterisation and forcing its wave model with neutral 10m winds, but it is not based on (7). I believe Hendrik Tolman proposed (7) but I can’t find a reference. If the authors know where (7) came from, please do change the reference, or state instead “Abdalla and Bidlot (2002) inspired …” and quote WW3 because it is the option controlled by STAB3 switch?
Line 206: symbol h in Uh is confusing, since h has just been used for water depth. I recommend using U_z instead
Line 245: what spectral shape is imposed at the boundary with SWH=2m and Tp=10 s
Same question for line 270
Line 248: derives -> derive
Line 280 and 314: In Error! Reference source not found
Line 285: why is the W-0 not totally symmetric with respect to the axis of the inlet (line 1-2 in Figure 2)? (grid not fully symmetric with respect to that axis and/or the direction discretisation in WW3 does not align with the said axis ?)
Line 290: in the W-C simulation, the presence of non-uniform currents will cause wave refraction, therefore enhancing the spread as observed in the lagoon, both physically but also numerically.
Line 312: Could illustrate that indeed breaking intensity is increased. It is not sufficient to just state that the waves are becoming steeper, you have to show that they are actually breaking.
Figure 6: Km -> km
Line 361: forced at surface with -> forced with
Line 384 and Figure 8 caption: 18:00 -> 18:00 UTC
Line 415 and 418: Error! Reference source not found
Line 416: Table 2 -> WAVE_GLO_PHY_SWH_L3_NRT, Table 2
Line 438: what is the collocation criteria between model and altimeter (closest in space and time (what is the output frequency of the model simulation))?
Line 444: an RMSE -> a RMSE
Line 457: The sea state dependent Cd is connected to the state of development of the wave field and not directly the the significant wave height. So the comparison of high Cd should be made with wave age and not SWH.
Line 467: In Figure -> in Figure 13
Line 478: down at -5 -> down by -5
Line 493: Figure -> Figure 14
Line 494: Figure -> Figure 13
Line 499: exhibites -> exhibits
Line 505: This suggests indicates that -> This suggests that
Lines 516 and 518: Figure -> Figure 16
Line 566: add these references for Stokes drift and/or wave effect on upper ocean mixing. Also add wave effect on bottom friction.
Øyvind Breivik, Kristian Mogensen, Jean-Raymond Bidlot, Magdalena Alonso Balmaseda, Peter A.E.M. Janssen, 2015. Surface Wave Effects in the NEMO Ocean Model: Forced and Coupled Experiments.Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 04/2015; DOI:10.1002/2014JC010565Alari V., Staneva, J., Breivik, Ø., Bidlot, J.R., Mogensen, K., Janssen, P, 2016: Surface wave effects on water temperature in the Baltic Sea: simulations with the coupled NEMO-WAM model. Ocean Dynamics, 66, 8, 917-930
Joanna Staneva, Victor Alari, Øyvind Breivik, Jean-Raymond Bidlot, Kristian Mogensen, 2016 : Effects of wave-induced forcing on a circulation model of the North Sea. Ocean Dynamics (2016). doi:10.1007/s10236-016-1009-0
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3517-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-3517', Anonymous Referee #2, 03 Jan 2025
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I enjoyed reading this paper because it gives a clear and focused presentation of how the authors developed and validated a three-dimensional wave–current model on unstructured grids. The explanations about how the model is set up and the parameters involved are detailed enough that someone else could feasibly replicate the approach. The validation cases are convincing, showing that the model does a good job of reproducing analytical or observed conditions.
However, one very important validation case is missing, which is the proof of CPU-coherency. The results should be the same for any number of CPUs. In weather centers, there would be a need for binary reproducibility, but for this implementation, I think it is good enough if it is shown that any variation in the results is neglible.
At the same time, I think a little more discussion about computational efficiency and certain assumptions behind the model would help readers understand its practical limits. Overall, though, this is a worthwhile contribution to the field of coastal and ocean modeling, and researchers who deal with complex domains will likely find this work both relevant and informative.
There are some small flaws in the manuscript, for example, some references are missing in the text (“! Reference source not found”), and some literature references are used in a way that I think should be improved. For instance, if a reference is given for a finding and it is not clear whether that author was the original source, it would be better to reference (e.g., XXXX et al. XXXX) rather than (XXXX et al. XXXX). Moreover, it is always preferable to cite the original publication of any finding rather than a subsequent replication.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3517-RC2
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