the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 23 Sep 2024
Effects of Ozone-Climate Interactions on the Temperature Variation in the Arctic Stratosphere
Abstract. Using reanalysis datasets and the Community Earth System Model (CESM), this study investigates the effects of ozone-climate interactions on the Arctic stratospheric temperature during winter and early spring. From 1980–1999, the Arctic stratospheric temperature increase significantly in early winter (November and December), which is primarily due to ozone-climate interactions. Specifically, the increasing trend in ozone during this period leads to longwave radiation cooling in the stratosphere. Meanwhile, ozone-climate interactions lead to a stratospheric state that enhances upward wave propagation and the downwelling branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation, which in turn adiabatically warms the stratosphere and offsets the direct longwave radiative cooling of the ozone. Additionally, enhanced upward wave propagation can lead to an equatorward shifting of the stratospheric polar vortex toward the eastern coast of Eurasia, accompanied by zonally asymmetric anomalies in stratospheric temperature. In contrast, during late winter and spring, cooling trends in the Arctic stratosphere predominantly driven by the enhanced shortwave radiative cooling associated with stratospheric ozone depletion. After 2000, the response of the Arctic stratospheric temperature trend to ozone changes is weaker than that from 1980–1999. This study highlights the impacts of ozone-climate interactions on intraseasonal variability in the Arctic stratospheric temperature.
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Notice on discussion status
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Preprint
(4268 KB)
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
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- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2740', Anonymous Referee #1, 17 Oct 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2740/egusphere-2024-2740-RC1-supplement.pdfCitation: https://doi.org/
10.5194/egusphere-2024-2740-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Siyi Zhao, 24 Feb 2025
We sincerely thank the reviewer for your important comments and assistance on our manuscript. The main revisions are summarized as follows:
- Following the reviewer’s suggestions, we created a 1980-clim experiment with an initial field set to fixed boundary conditions for 1980. The climatological mean ozone from the 1980-clim experiment is imported into the radiation scheme of the O3clm experiment. Then, we rerun the O3clm experiment.
- The reviewers mentioned that only one experiment was unable to exclude the effect of interannual variability in the long-term trend. It was suggested that more ensemble experiments should be conducted. Therefore, we conducted five ensemble experiments for the control and O3clm experiments using different initial fields to ensure the robustness and reliability of the results in the revised manuscript.
- A detailed description of the experiments has been added to the revised manuscript. Please see method section 2.3: Model and experimental configurations.
- In order to better align the introduction with the long-term trends in stratospheric ozone and temperature, we have written the introduction
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Siyi Zhao, 24 Feb 2025
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CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2740', Li Feng, 30 Oct 2024
Review of “Effects of Ozone-Climate Interactions on the Temperature Variation in the Arctic Stratosphere” by Zhao et al.
The Arctic lower stratosphere experienced a warming trend in early winter but a cooling trend in late winter/early spring during 1980-1999. During the same period, the Arctic lower stratospheric ozone increased in early winter and decreased in late winter. This paper investigates the effects of stratospheric ozone changes on Arctic lower stratospheric temperature trends using CESM simulations and reanalysis. It is found that the early winter Arctic lower stratospheric warming was caused by enhanced dynamical warming, which was strongly modulated by the increase of Arctic ozone. In late winter/early spring, Arctic ozone depletion reduces shortwave heating and causes lower stratospheric cooling.
Overall, the paper is well written. The results can improve our understanding of how Arctic ozone change affects climate, which has received less attention. However, I have some major concerns about the analysis and I think a major revision is needed.
Major Comments:
- The authors have done a detailed analysis of how Arctic stratospheric ozone changes affect the circulation, but they do not investigate how circulation changes affect Arctic ozone. For example, ozone increase in early winter leads to stronger wave propagation into the stratosphere and Arctic warming. They should also consider the effects of an enhanced BDC on Arctic ozone increase. Indeed, the increasing ozone trend in early winter must be driven by dynamics.
- Line 315-317. This is a key result of this study. Note that Arctic lower stratospheric ozone has an increasing trend in Nov-Dec in the control experiment (Fig. 3d). Please explain how ozone increase (or ozone-circulation interactions) leads to a reversal of the refractive index from November to December.
Minor Comments:
Lines 9-12: The paper does not show any result of ozone-induced longwave cooling. So, it should not be included in the abstract.
Line 15: “enhanced shortwave radiative cooling” --- reduced shortwave radiation warming
Line 180: Is there only one member for each experiment?
Lines 190-193: I wonder why you want to calculate ozone interactively in the O3clm experiment since the calculated ozone is not used in radiation. Why not just prescribe ozone?
Lines 209-211: Move the two sentences to the beginning of the paragraph.
Line 220: What causes the lower stratospheric ozone increase in Nov-Dec?
Line 222: “observed” --- found
Lines 301-310: Which term in equation (5) causes the reversal of the PV gradient? Also see my major comment 2.
Lines 447-449: Please explain what dynamical feedback mechanisms you are referring to here.
Lines 456-458: You need more ensemble members to assess and reduce experimental uncertainties.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2740-CC1 -
AC2: 'Reply on CC1', Siyi Zhao, 24 Feb 2025
We sincerely thank the reviewer for your important comments and assistance on our manuscript. The main revisions are summarized as follows:
- The reviewers mentioned that only one experiment was unable to exclude the effect of interannual variability in the long-term trend. It was suggested that more ensemble experiments should be conducted. Therefore, we conducted five ensemble experiments for the control and O3clm experiments using different initial fields to ensure the robustness and reliability of the results in the revised manuscript.
- We provided a detailed response to examine how circulation changes affect Arctic stratospheric ozone’s trend. Especially, whether the Brewer-Dobson Circulation (BDC) drive early winter ozone trends.
- We investigated the role of ozone increase and ozone–circulation interactions in the reversal of the refractive index (RI) from November to December.
- Some sentences have been rewritten as well as the grammar is improved throughout the manuscript.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2740', Anonymous Referee #1, 17 Oct 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2024/egusphere-2024-2740/egusphere-2024-2740-RC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Siyi Zhao, 24 Feb 2025
We sincerely thank the reviewer for your important comments and assistance on our manuscript. The main revisions are summarized as follows:
- Following the reviewer’s suggestions, we created a 1980-clim experiment with an initial field set to fixed boundary conditions for 1980. The climatological mean ozone from the 1980-clim experiment is imported into the radiation scheme of the O3clm experiment. Then, we rerun the O3clm experiment.
- The reviewers mentioned that only one experiment was unable to exclude the effect of interannual variability in the long-term trend. It was suggested that more ensemble experiments should be conducted. Therefore, we conducted five ensemble experiments for the control and O3clm experiments using different initial fields to ensure the robustness and reliability of the results in the revised manuscript.
- A detailed description of the experiments has been added to the revised manuscript. Please see method section 2.3: Model and experimental configurations.
- In order to better align the introduction with the long-term trends in stratospheric ozone and temperature, we have written the introduction
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Siyi Zhao, 24 Feb 2025
-
CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2740', Li Feng, 30 Oct 2024
Review of “Effects of Ozone-Climate Interactions on the Temperature Variation in the Arctic Stratosphere” by Zhao et al.
The Arctic lower stratosphere experienced a warming trend in early winter but a cooling trend in late winter/early spring during 1980-1999. During the same period, the Arctic lower stratospheric ozone increased in early winter and decreased in late winter. This paper investigates the effects of stratospheric ozone changes on Arctic lower stratospheric temperature trends using CESM simulations and reanalysis. It is found that the early winter Arctic lower stratospheric warming was caused by enhanced dynamical warming, which was strongly modulated by the increase of Arctic ozone. In late winter/early spring, Arctic ozone depletion reduces shortwave heating and causes lower stratospheric cooling.
Overall, the paper is well written. The results can improve our understanding of how Arctic ozone change affects climate, which has received less attention. However, I have some major concerns about the analysis and I think a major revision is needed.
Major Comments:
- The authors have done a detailed analysis of how Arctic stratospheric ozone changes affect the circulation, but they do not investigate how circulation changes affect Arctic ozone. For example, ozone increase in early winter leads to stronger wave propagation into the stratosphere and Arctic warming. They should also consider the effects of an enhanced BDC on Arctic ozone increase. Indeed, the increasing ozone trend in early winter must be driven by dynamics.
- Line 315-317. This is a key result of this study. Note that Arctic lower stratospheric ozone has an increasing trend in Nov-Dec in the control experiment (Fig. 3d). Please explain how ozone increase (or ozone-circulation interactions) leads to a reversal of the refractive index from November to December.
Minor Comments:
Lines 9-12: The paper does not show any result of ozone-induced longwave cooling. So, it should not be included in the abstract.
Line 15: “enhanced shortwave radiative cooling” --- reduced shortwave radiation warming
Line 180: Is there only one member for each experiment?
Lines 190-193: I wonder why you want to calculate ozone interactively in the O3clm experiment since the calculated ozone is not used in radiation. Why not just prescribe ozone?
Lines 209-211: Move the two sentences to the beginning of the paragraph.
Line 220: What causes the lower stratospheric ozone increase in Nov-Dec?
Line 222: “observed” --- found
Lines 301-310: Which term in equation (5) causes the reversal of the PV gradient? Also see my major comment 2.
Lines 447-449: Please explain what dynamical feedback mechanisms you are referring to here.
Lines 456-458: You need more ensemble members to assess and reduce experimental uncertainties.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2740-CC1 -
AC2: 'Reply on CC1', Siyi Zhao, 24 Feb 2025
We sincerely thank the reviewer for your important comments and assistance on our manuscript. The main revisions are summarized as follows:
- The reviewers mentioned that only one experiment was unable to exclude the effect of interannual variability in the long-term trend. It was suggested that more ensemble experiments should be conducted. Therefore, we conducted five ensemble experiments for the control and O3clm experiments using different initial fields to ensure the robustness and reliability of the results in the revised manuscript.
- We provided a detailed response to examine how circulation changes affect Arctic stratospheric ozone’s trend. Especially, whether the Brewer-Dobson Circulation (BDC) drive early winter ozone trends.
- We investigated the role of ozone increase and ozone–circulation interactions in the reversal of the refractive index (RI) from November to December.
- Some sentences have been rewritten as well as the grammar is improved throughout the manuscript.
Peer review completion
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Siyi Zhao
Jiankai Zhang
Chongyang Zhang
Zhe Wang
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(4268 KB) - Metadata XML