the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 20 Aug 2024
Measurement Report: Optical and structural properties of atmospheric water-soluble organic carbon in China: Insights from multi-site spectroscopic measurements
Abstract. To understand the spatial variation of optical and structural properties of water-soluble brown carbon and its influencing factors in China, the light absorption, fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in different regions of China are measured following the same analytical methods. The average light absorption coefficients and mass absorption efficiencies of WSOC at 365 nm (Abs365 and MAE365) rank from high to low as northwest China > southwest China > north China > east China > regional site, with higher values in Northern China than Southern China and regional sites, and higher values in inland areas than coastal areas. The light absorption factors resolved by positive matrix factorization model combined with light absorption spectra and abundant aromatic O-H and C=C functional groups determined by FTIR both indicate that aromatic compounds are important light-absorbing substances in WSOC, which also have a significant impact on fluorophores. Multiple linear regression analysis shows that the identified fluorophores by fluorescence spectra combined with parallel factor analysis contribute to about 62–93 % of the WSOC light absorption at all sites, in which humic-like substance (HULIS) contributes the most, especially highly‑oxygenated HULIS (29 %–50 %) with long emission wavelengths. Combustion source emissions and atmospheric chemical processes have significant impacts on the WSOC light absorption at some sites. Moreover, relative humidity (RH) can also affect MAE365 of WSOC with MAE365 values decreasing with the increase of RH when RH < 60 % and remaining relatively unchanged when RH > 60 %. Taken together, this study promotes a better understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of optical and structural properties of WSOC and their influencing factors in China.
-
Notice on discussion status
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
-
Preprint
(2316 KB)
-
Supplement
(1988 KB)
-
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(2316 KB) - Metadata XML
-
Supplement
(1988 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2416', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Sep 2024
The reviewer appreciates the efforts of authors for collecting a good number samples from ten sites of China, and doing a variety of analyses using absorbance and fluorescence spectrometry as well as FTIR. The data have been plotted properly. However, the interpretations are often hand wavy and lack scientific rigour. It limits the sufficient exploitation of such hard-earned data by the authors.
The reviewer recommends the major revisions before the manuscript can be considered for publication in the journal ACP.
Major Comments:
L51-53: This is a wrong statement. WSOC is a largely variable fraction of aerosols and numerous studies have shown that water-insoluble OC can be more absorbing BrC (Cheng et al., 2016, Atmospheric Environment). A proper literature review must be added here with the clear information on both water-soluble and water-insoluble BrC. Subsequently, add the limitation of this study which used water-soluble BrC only.
Section 2.1: Briefly provide details of sampler, sampling duration, frequency, total number of samples, etc and then refer Table S1 for details.
L119-120: Give a valid reason for selecting this wavelength range only for AAE calc
L165-170: This is very hand wavy discussion. Statement shall be substantiated by logical arguments and supporting data.
L190-191: This discussion should also consider the effects of meteorological processes on Abs365 e.g., photo-bleaching or photo-enhancement.
L198-204: These statements shall be endorsed by some source apportionment studies which reported biomass/residential heating as major source over these regions.
L210-214: How? Add possible mechanism.
L249-254: The discussion is mostly data description. Author shall attempt to extract science and more substance out of it.
L253-256: Use proper significant digits while reporting the numbers throughout the MS. In the number 8436.99, value after decimal (0.99) has no meaning when the SD is also in several thousands.
L322-23: What could be possible reasons for such difference?
L335-343: Such discussions shall be supported by some other independently measured species. Otherwise, it will be considered as hypothetical statement.
L345-346: It looks a wrong statement. The mentioned processes make the light absorption properties of BrC variable, as reported in numerous studies.
L350-351: This statement looks counter intuitive.
L352-353: self-contradictory statement!
Minor Comments:
L158-160: It looks odd. One can simply refer the figure and come to the discussion point.
Fig. 2: For similar Log (MAE405), there is a considerable variability in AAE. Explain this observation.
Fig. 3: Explain legends and add what is represented by grey region?
Fig. 4: There are multiple peaks within different bands. Can't they be identified and added here?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2416-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Caiqing Yan, 21 Nov 2024
We greatly appreciate the referee for the valuable and constructive comments which are helpful for us to improve the manuscript. We have addressed all comments and thoroughly revised the manuscript accordingly. Please refer to the attached document for our detailed response.
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Caiqing Yan, 21 Nov 2024
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2416', Anonymous Referee #2, 16 Oct 2024
Review of Chen, Haibiao et al.
General Comments: Brown carbon (BrC) is an important constituent of carbonaceous aerosols and significantly contributes to the total solar light absorption of aerosols. The manuscript titled “Optical and structural properties of atmospheric water-soluble organic carbon in China: Insights from multi-site spectroscopic measurements” presents measurements of optical properties and structural characteristics of WSOC based on different spectroscopic techniques (absorbance, fluorescence, and FTIR) from different regions of China. Overall, the study promotes a better understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of optical and structural properties of WSOC and their influencing factors (emission sources, aging processes, relative humidity (RH), etc.) in China and deepened the understanding of the contribution of WSOC fluorescence to its light absorption. However, the manuscript has many shortcomings in its current version. It needs through language editing and clarifications at many places throughout the manuscript. It also misses consistency while using different terminologies for the same parameter (for example, authors have used WSOC and WS-BrC interchangeably to refer to BrC). Yet, the study has relevance to the atmospheric research community and can be accepted for publication in the journal after major revision. The detailed comments are given below:
Major comments
- Methodology and elsewhere: What do you mean by “regional site (rs)” in your manuscript? Do you mean “remote/rural site”? It’s confusing. Clarify.
- Methodology (section 2.3): Equation S9 in text S3 is incorrect (could be a typo error). The equation should consist both mass scattering efficiency (MSE) and MAE. Recheck and correct it.
- Methodology (section 2.3, text S4) and section 3.2 of results section: The author measured WSOC absorbance from 250-700 nm and used WSOC absorbance from 250 to 400 nm in PMF model for source apportionment. However, it is well known that WSOC absorbance < 340 nm is highly influenced by absorbance from nitrate aerosols. Did authors consider this aspect during PMF run? How this will impact the findings?
- Results and Discussion (section 3.1): The authors observed a significant spatial variability in WSOC, OC, EC, etc. across ten sites. What could be the potential reasons (e.g., different sources, metrology, etc.) behind this variability, discuss briefly?
- Results and Discussion (section 3.1): The authors compared Abs365 and MAE365 values between different regions (e.g., northwest China, southwest China, etc.). Did you carry out any significance test to check whether difference was significant or not?
- Results and Discussion (section 3.1): The sampling durations were different at different sites representing different administrative regions (Table S1). Do you think the “day versus night variability” in optical properties could have also contributed to the inter-regional variability observed in optical properties of WS-BrC in your study.
- Lines 208-210: The authors reported that light absorbing ability (SFE) of WS-BrC and mass concentration of WSOC are directly proportional (related). How did authors come with such conclusions? Please cite relevant studies in this context.
- Fig. 6c-d: Is this the integrated absorbance from 250-400 nm, clarify?
- Line 341-346: Please revisit this portion, especially, portion where authors mentioned that photochemical bleaching will be higher during severe pollution days. In fact, opposite is likely to be true as lower pollution levels mean higher visibility, resulting in higher availability of solar flux.
- The study only discusses optical and structural properties of WS-BrC, which represents only 50-70% fraction of OC. What about water-insoluble OC? What are the implications of your findings on light-absorbing water-insoluble OC?
Minor Comments
- Line 30-34: “The light absorption factors…..impact on fluorophores.” Confusing sentence. Rewrite it.
- Line 45-46: “BrC contributes up to 72% of the total light absorption of aerosols at 370 nm and the direct radiative effect of BrC (+0.048 W·m-2) is about 30% of black carbon (+0.17 W·m-2)”. Is this global average or only valid for China? Please clarify.
- Line 51: Use either “commonly” or “widely”. One of them is redundant.
- Line 51-53: Make it two sentences.
- Line 55-59: Grammatical mistakes at many places. Some sentences are confusing. Revise it.
- Line 61: Should be “Spectroscopy-based studies conducted…”
- Line 81: “methods are often used separately in previous studies”?
- Line 82-86: Difficult to follow as this is a very long sentence. I suggest to break it into smaller sentences.
- Line 110: should be “0.45 μm pore-size PTFE syringe filter”.
- Line 118-120: Break it into two sentences like “….calculated. More details can be found in Text S2.”
- Line 152: “Additionally, the XGBoost model is also used to..” “also” is redundant in this sentence.
- Line 169: “….mass concentrations of carbonaceous components at HS site are not that low…” Compared to what, clarify?
- Line 157-158: “During the wintertime observation period, WSOC mass concentrations exhibit a significant spatial variation across the ten sites (p < 0.05) (see Figure 1 and Table S2).” Which test did you use to derive significance level?
- Line 308-309: The sentence is confusing. Rewrite it.
- Line 341: Change “great” to “large”.
- Line 378:Typo? “WOSC” should be “WSOC”
- “In contrast, the relationships between MAE365 values and functional groups may differ from Abs365. Similarly, C=C, O-H and R-ONO2 exhibit the strongest correlations with MAE365 at most sites (e.g., TJ, QD, SH, TS, and HS).” Similar to what? These sentences are confusing. Rewrite them.
- Line 413: “discrepancies” doesn’t seem to be the write word here. Replace it.
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Caiqing Yan, 21 Nov 2024
We greatly appreciate the referee for the valuable and constructive comments which are helpful for us to improve the manuscript. We have addressed all comments and thoroughly revised the manuscript accordingly. Please refer to the attached document for our detailed response.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2416', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Sep 2024
The reviewer appreciates the efforts of authors for collecting a good number samples from ten sites of China, and doing a variety of analyses using absorbance and fluorescence spectrometry as well as FTIR. The data have been plotted properly. However, the interpretations are often hand wavy and lack scientific rigour. It limits the sufficient exploitation of such hard-earned data by the authors.
The reviewer recommends the major revisions before the manuscript can be considered for publication in the journal ACP.
Major Comments:
L51-53: This is a wrong statement. WSOC is a largely variable fraction of aerosols and numerous studies have shown that water-insoluble OC can be more absorbing BrC (Cheng et al., 2016, Atmospheric Environment). A proper literature review must be added here with the clear information on both water-soluble and water-insoluble BrC. Subsequently, add the limitation of this study which used water-soluble BrC only.
Section 2.1: Briefly provide details of sampler, sampling duration, frequency, total number of samples, etc and then refer Table S1 for details.
L119-120: Give a valid reason for selecting this wavelength range only for AAE calc
L165-170: This is very hand wavy discussion. Statement shall be substantiated by logical arguments and supporting data.
L190-191: This discussion should also consider the effects of meteorological processes on Abs365 e.g., photo-bleaching or photo-enhancement.
L198-204: These statements shall be endorsed by some source apportionment studies which reported biomass/residential heating as major source over these regions.
L210-214: How? Add possible mechanism.
L249-254: The discussion is mostly data description. Author shall attempt to extract science and more substance out of it.
L253-256: Use proper significant digits while reporting the numbers throughout the MS. In the number 8436.99, value after decimal (0.99) has no meaning when the SD is also in several thousands.
L322-23: What could be possible reasons for such difference?
L335-343: Such discussions shall be supported by some other independently measured species. Otherwise, it will be considered as hypothetical statement.
L345-346: It looks a wrong statement. The mentioned processes make the light absorption properties of BrC variable, as reported in numerous studies.
L350-351: This statement looks counter intuitive.
L352-353: self-contradictory statement!
Minor Comments:
L158-160: It looks odd. One can simply refer the figure and come to the discussion point.
Fig. 2: For similar Log (MAE405), there is a considerable variability in AAE. Explain this observation.
Fig. 3: Explain legends and add what is represented by grey region?
Fig. 4: There are multiple peaks within different bands. Can't they be identified and added here?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2416-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Caiqing Yan, 21 Nov 2024
We greatly appreciate the referee for the valuable and constructive comments which are helpful for us to improve the manuscript. We have addressed all comments and thoroughly revised the manuscript accordingly. Please refer to the attached document for our detailed response.
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Caiqing Yan, 21 Nov 2024
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2416', Anonymous Referee #2, 16 Oct 2024
Review of Chen, Haibiao et al.
General Comments: Brown carbon (BrC) is an important constituent of carbonaceous aerosols and significantly contributes to the total solar light absorption of aerosols. The manuscript titled “Optical and structural properties of atmospheric water-soluble organic carbon in China: Insights from multi-site spectroscopic measurements” presents measurements of optical properties and structural characteristics of WSOC based on different spectroscopic techniques (absorbance, fluorescence, and FTIR) from different regions of China. Overall, the study promotes a better understanding of the spatial heterogeneity of optical and structural properties of WSOC and their influencing factors (emission sources, aging processes, relative humidity (RH), etc.) in China and deepened the understanding of the contribution of WSOC fluorescence to its light absorption. However, the manuscript has many shortcomings in its current version. It needs through language editing and clarifications at many places throughout the manuscript. It also misses consistency while using different terminologies for the same parameter (for example, authors have used WSOC and WS-BrC interchangeably to refer to BrC). Yet, the study has relevance to the atmospheric research community and can be accepted for publication in the journal after major revision. The detailed comments are given below:
Major comments
- Methodology and elsewhere: What do you mean by “regional site (rs)” in your manuscript? Do you mean “remote/rural site”? It’s confusing. Clarify.
- Methodology (section 2.3): Equation S9 in text S3 is incorrect (could be a typo error). The equation should consist both mass scattering efficiency (MSE) and MAE. Recheck and correct it.
- Methodology (section 2.3, text S4) and section 3.2 of results section: The author measured WSOC absorbance from 250-700 nm and used WSOC absorbance from 250 to 400 nm in PMF model for source apportionment. However, it is well known that WSOC absorbance < 340 nm is highly influenced by absorbance from nitrate aerosols. Did authors consider this aspect during PMF run? How this will impact the findings?
- Results and Discussion (section 3.1): The authors observed a significant spatial variability in WSOC, OC, EC, etc. across ten sites. What could be the potential reasons (e.g., different sources, metrology, etc.) behind this variability, discuss briefly?
- Results and Discussion (section 3.1): The authors compared Abs365 and MAE365 values between different regions (e.g., northwest China, southwest China, etc.). Did you carry out any significance test to check whether difference was significant or not?
- Results and Discussion (section 3.1): The sampling durations were different at different sites representing different administrative regions (Table S1). Do you think the “day versus night variability” in optical properties could have also contributed to the inter-regional variability observed in optical properties of WS-BrC in your study.
- Lines 208-210: The authors reported that light absorbing ability (SFE) of WS-BrC and mass concentration of WSOC are directly proportional (related). How did authors come with such conclusions? Please cite relevant studies in this context.
- Fig. 6c-d: Is this the integrated absorbance from 250-400 nm, clarify?
- Line 341-346: Please revisit this portion, especially, portion where authors mentioned that photochemical bleaching will be higher during severe pollution days. In fact, opposite is likely to be true as lower pollution levels mean higher visibility, resulting in higher availability of solar flux.
- The study only discusses optical and structural properties of WS-BrC, which represents only 50-70% fraction of OC. What about water-insoluble OC? What are the implications of your findings on light-absorbing water-insoluble OC?
Minor Comments
- Line 30-34: “The light absorption factors…..impact on fluorophores.” Confusing sentence. Rewrite it.
- Line 45-46: “BrC contributes up to 72% of the total light absorption of aerosols at 370 nm and the direct radiative effect of BrC (+0.048 W·m-2) is about 30% of black carbon (+0.17 W·m-2)”. Is this global average or only valid for China? Please clarify.
- Line 51: Use either “commonly” or “widely”. One of them is redundant.
- Line 51-53: Make it two sentences.
- Line 55-59: Grammatical mistakes at many places. Some sentences are confusing. Revise it.
- Line 61: Should be “Spectroscopy-based studies conducted…”
- Line 81: “methods are often used separately in previous studies”?
- Line 82-86: Difficult to follow as this is a very long sentence. I suggest to break it into smaller sentences.
- Line 110: should be “0.45 μm pore-size PTFE syringe filter”.
- Line 118-120: Break it into two sentences like “….calculated. More details can be found in Text S2.”
- Line 152: “Additionally, the XGBoost model is also used to..” “also” is redundant in this sentence.
- Line 169: “….mass concentrations of carbonaceous components at HS site are not that low…” Compared to what, clarify?
- Line 157-158: “During the wintertime observation period, WSOC mass concentrations exhibit a significant spatial variation across the ten sites (p < 0.05) (see Figure 1 and Table S2).” Which test did you use to derive significance level?
- Line 308-309: The sentence is confusing. Rewrite it.
- Line 341: Change “great” to “large”.
- Line 378:Typo? “WOSC” should be “WSOC”
- “In contrast, the relationships between MAE365 values and functional groups may differ from Abs365. Similarly, C=C, O-H and R-ONO2 exhibit the strongest correlations with MAE365 at most sites (e.g., TJ, QD, SH, TS, and HS).” Similar to what? These sentences are confusing. Rewrite them.
- Line 413: “discrepancies” doesn’t seem to be the write word here. Replace it.
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Caiqing Yan, 21 Nov 2024
We greatly appreciate the referee for the valuable and constructive comments which are helpful for us to improve the manuscript. We have addressed all comments and thoroughly revised the manuscript accordingly. Please refer to the attached document for our detailed response.
Peer review completion
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Data sets
The data of acp-2024-2416 Haibiao Chen https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13144297
Viewed
| HTML | XML | Total | Supplement | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 309 | 81 | 90 | 480 | 58 | 18 | 20 |
- HTML: 309
- PDF: 81
- XML: 90
- Total: 480
- Supplement: 58
- BibTeX: 18
- EndNote: 20
Viewed (geographical distribution)
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States of America | 1 | 200 | 36 |
| China | 2 | 118 | 21 |
| Russia | 3 | 20 | 3 |
| undefined | 4 | 16 | 2 |
| Germany | 5 | 15 | 2 |
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
- 200
Haibiao Chen
Caiqing Yan
Liubin Huang
Yang Yue
Xinfeng Wang
Qingcai Chen
Mingjie Xie
Junwen Liu
Fengwen Wang
Shuhong Fang
Qiaoyun Yang
Hongya Niu
Mei Zheng
Yan Wu
Likun Xue
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(2316 KB) - Metadata XML
-
Supplement
(1988 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
- Final revised paper