Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2256
29 Jul 2024
 | 29 Jul 2024
Status: this preprint is open for discussion and under review for Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (ACP).

Thermospheric nitric oxide NO during solar minimum modulated by O/O2 ratio and thermospheric transport and mixing

Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing

Abstract. The formation of NO by geomagnetic activity and EUV photoionization in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere and its subsequent impact on ozone contributes to the natural forcing of the climate system, and is recommended to be included in chemistry-climate model experiments since CMIP6. We compare NO concentrations simulated by five high-top chemistry-climate models – WACCM-X, EMAC, HAMMONIA, WACCM-D and KASIMA – in the mesosphere and thermosphere with satellite observations during a period of low geomagnetic and solar forcing from January to December 2010. While qualitatively the latitudinal and temporal variability of NO is captured by most models, we find disagreements of several orders of magnitude in high-latitude winter. Possible reasons are explored using snapshots at 12 UT on January 9, 2010. Two processes interacting with each other are identified as likely sources of these discrepancies, quenching of N(2D) by atomic oxygen in the mid-thermosphere, and meridional transport and mixing from the mid-thermosphere to the lower thermosphere. In the mid-thermosphere, the amount of atomic oxygen available from dissociation of molecular oxygen balances N(4S) and N(2D) via quenching of N(2D). N(4S) can then be transported or mixed into the lower thermosphere, where it efficiently reduces the lifetime of NO, leading to lower values of NO there. In high-latitude winter, meridional downward-poleward transport of N(4S) from the low-and midlatitude mid-thermosphere into the high-latitude lower thermosphere modulates the NO lifetime. This transport is affected by gravity waves, and therefore depends on the models gravity wave drag schemes and resolved gravity wave spectra.

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Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing

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  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2256', Anonymous Referee #1, 12 Sep 2024 reply
Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing
Miriam Sinnhuber, Christina Arras, Stefan Bender, Bernd Funke, Hanli Liu, Daniel R. Marsh, Thomas Reddmann, Eugene Rozanov, Timofei Sukhodolov, Monika E. Szelag, and Jan Maik Wissing

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Short summary
Formation of nitric oxide NO in the upper atmosphere varies with solar activity. Observations show that it starts a chain of processes in the entire atmosphere affecting the ozone layer and climate system. This is often underestimated in models. We compare five models which show large differences in simulated NO. Analysis of results point out problems related to the oxygen balance, and to the impact of atmospheric waves on dynamics. Both must be modeled well to reproduce the downward coupling.