the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 23 Jul 2024
Hydrographic section along 55° E in the Indian and Southern oceans
Abstract. A hydrographic section along 55° E, south of 30° S, was visited from December 2018 to January 2019 as the first occupation under the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigation Program. The water column was measured from the sea surface to 10 dbar above the bottom with eddy-resolving station spacings and the state-of-the-art accuracy. The upper profile was characterised by a conspicuous front between 42.5° and 43° S and a cold-core eddy at 39° S. The front was identified as the confluence of Subtropical and Subantarctic fronts. The Agulhas Return Current front was found at 41.6° S. When combined with the section north of 30° S observed in 2018, another subsurface front was found in dissolved oxygen around 28° S at depths of 1500 to 3000 dbar. In the eastern Weddell-Enderby Abyssal Plain, no obvious mean flow was observed at depths greater than 3000 dbar. We used transient tracers to estimate isopycnal diffusivity there to be 72±16 m2 s-1. Antarctic Bottom Water in the basin consisted of water masses originating from the Cape Darnley region (0–35 %) and Weddell Sea Deep Water (5–75 %), diluted by Lower Circumpolar Deep Water above. These snapshot observations not only confirm hydrographic features reported earlier in the Madagascar and Crozet Basins, but also describe the diffusive nature of the deep to bottom circulation in the Weddell-Enderby Abyssal Plain. Some of the stations in the Crozet Basin were sampled in the 1980s and 1990s. Changes in the temperature-salinity relationship since then indicate warming of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water, volume reduction of Antarctic Bottom Water, and slight freshening which is stronger southward.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2237', Anonymous Referee #1, 03 Sep 2024
Review of the MS “Hydrographic section along 55◦E in the Indian and Southern oceans” by Katsumata et al
This study analyzes new hydrographic and LADCP (Lowered Acoustic Doppler Profiler) observations obtained during the GO-SHIP I07S line in 2020 in the western Indian Ocean portion of the Southern Ocean. This was the first occupation of the I07S, and the study will be a benchmark for future reoccupations. Complementary, the study uses other hydrographic observations from GO-SHIP/WOCE and other cruises in the Southern Ocean.
The study describes ocean circulation, water mass distribution, and changes along the I07S, focusing on the deep to abyssal ocean. It brings an improved description of the water masses in the western Indian Ocean. An interesting result is the dominance of mesoscale eddies in the deep/abyssal ocean in the I07S, which crosses multiple fronts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Comparisons with previous observations in cross-points with other cruises allowed the estimation of changes in temperature and salinity in intermediate and deep/abyssal layers in a few overlapping stations (13).
I have three main criticisms, which I believe the authors can solve. One is about salinity changes. Salinity measurements need further corrections when comparing observations from different cruises (see the series of work of Purkey and Johnson), which are particularly critical for the deep/abyssal ocean. I am unsure if the results of salinity changes described in the present MS are robust as they are in opposition with Choi et al. (2022) (see my point below). Second, the quality of the LADCP observations has never been mentioned or weighted in some discussions about the deep circulation in the paper. The third point is the lack of links between sections. It seems the authors have written different pieces and put them together as MS. A better link between sections would have benefitted the MS. I suggest the authors expand the conclusion/discussion to link the sections and bring some conclusions that move forward the understanding of the deep ocean in the Southwestern Indian Ocean portion of the Southern Ocean.
Line-by-line comments:
In the main text, sometimes it is typed “Figure x,” and sometimes “Fig. x.” Choose one and use it throughout the text.
Table 1 is not cited in the main text. Consider citing it in “section 2. Data” I guess the table lists the cruises analyzed in the present work
Table 2: The potential temperature units are missing. Units could be added in the caption or table interior.
Figure 4: The fronts cited in the text (L#75-80) could be added to the figure to make it easier to identify. Consider using a horizontal axis with latitude, which also would help with interpretation. We never know where stations start counting on a cruise, whether at the southmost or northmost point. Is this from I07S? It would be nice to add to the caption. I suggest changing the vertical black lines for something less overwhelming, such as grey.
L#81: Fig. 3 appears after Figure 4, which is confusing. Consider order figures sequentially as they appear in the text.
Figure 3: Consider reducing the amount of vertical black lines that make it harder to identify features (it will be even harder when formatted to the published paper). Also, I didn’t get the spacing of tick markers between major ticks at the bottom axis. For clarity, consider removing the minor tick markers. The vertical axis is pressure, not depth, as described in the caption. I couldn’t find the triangular shapes mentioned in the caption. Are they plotted? In Section 2, it is not mentioned that I07S and I07N data have been merged (or in the Figure 1 map). Have the salinity and dissolved oxygen of both cruises been cross-calibrated (particularly in the deep ocean)?
L#83: XCTD data is not mentioned in Section 2. Please add.
L#85: The terminology is not adequate. Both are real fronts, but one is associated with a transient feature (mesoscale eddy) and the other with a permanent feature of the ocean circulation.
L#87: Full stop (.) is missing between m/s and Comparison
L#97: sality -> salty
L#97-99: The argument is unclear. How do the salty waters transported by the Agulhas Current/Agulhas Return Current amplify P-E meridional gradients? It can enhance the haline gradients but not P-E. Or are you arguing that there is some coupling with the atmosphere and salinity would increase or decrease P or E?
L#103-104: I suggest breaking it into two statements, as there are two distinct pieces of information that are hard to understand in the current grammar structure. One describes the features encountered in the section, and the other is the vigorous isopycnal mixing.
L#108: If the sections are instantaneous snapshots, how would the LADCP show the mean flow in a region dominated by mesoscale eddies (previously shown)?
L#109: What do you mean by “rich eddies”? Strong eddies? Please re-write for clarity.
L#110: I am intrigued by how a snapshot could capture a “mean transport.” It is mentioned in the text the LADCP “could not capture any mean transport”… I guess the text is trying to say that there is no coherent large-scale pattern in the LADCP data, and the deep circulation is dominated by mesoscale, which is an interesting result. Please consider re-writing this part. Question: how is the LADCP data quality in the deep ocean? With fewer scatterers in the deep ocean, LADCP-based velocity profiles are sometimes not of good quality. No info about the LADCP data quality in I07S is given in Section 2
L#115-189: Section 4.1 Isopycnal diffusivity estimated from transient tracer distributions. How are the diffusivity estimates calculated based on the CFC-12/SF6 tracer distribution related to the estimations based on the fine-scale parametrization calculated in section 4? It is unclear to the readers what the aim of obtaining both estimates is. How does the diffusivity link with the rest of the study?
Figure 8 b/e and Figure 10: pressure, not depth, as described in the respective captions
L#161: “by by” -> by
L#179: It is unclear what the text meant by “is not unlike the deep-sea value.” Please re-phrase for clarity. Is this high diffusivity near any specific bottom topography? Or is it associated with high-bottom roughness?
L#190-250: Section 4.2 AABW composition. How does this decomposition relate to the Lagrangian simulations of Solodoch et al. (2022)? Are they consistent?
Solodoch, A., Stewart, A. L., Hogg, A. M., Morrison, A. K., Kiss, A. E., Thompson, A. F., et al. (2022). How does Antarctic bottom water cross the Southern Ocean? Geophysical Research Letters, 49(7), e2021GL097211. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL097211
Figures 9, 12, and 13: units for conservative temperature and absolute salinity are missing
L#245: move ‘.’ From before “are shown” to after it.
L#252-254: In this section, salinity changes are shown. However, there is no description of salinity corrections applied to the different cruises in Section 2 (e.g., correction for different standard seawater, the ad-hoc correction from Purkey and Johnson, etc.). This is critical when comparing temporal salinity changes in the deep ocean from measurements taken decades apart.
Table 3: Units for conservative temperature and absolute salinity are missing. Since the initial times are distinct for the different stations, it would be much better to express changes by rates (property change per decade), highlighting stations with great changes. The table info confuses the reader as it shows changes in conservative temperature only for the UCDW and salinity only for the AABW/LCDW layer. I only realized that in my third reading. I suggest adding both temperature and salinity for both layers. Another confusing point is the comments. It seems that these annotations are for the authors, not something directly connected with the text. At least, this was my impression. I suggest deleting the column comments or improving the writing there.
L#252: otained -> obtained
L#261-265: A possible freshening in the AABW/LCDW layer is discussed here. This freshening is in contrast with salinification, as pointed out by Choi et al. (2022), which also uses hydrographic observations, but the I06S and a few other cruises. However, the present MS does not mention Choi et al. (2022). Why are the results so contrasting? Would it be due to differences in methodology to calculate changes? Would there be a (likely) lack of corrections for salinity measurements in the present work? Would it be ocean dynamics? The fact is that the changes led to distinct conclusions in the two papers.
Choi, Y., & Nam, S. H. (2022). East‐west contrasting changes in southern Indian Ocean Antarctic Bottom Water salinity over three decades. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 12175. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598‐022‐16331‐y
L#265: Therfore -> Therefore
L#280: Replace ‘,’ by ‘.’ after Crozet Basin
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2237-RC1 - AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Katsuro Katsumata, 12 Nov 2024
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2237', Anonymous Referee #2, 28 Sep 2024
The paper summarizes some of the results of the recent 107S GO-SHIP section, and presents some innovative results.
The results are a bit spread between different features: surface fronts, deep layers of the Enderby abyssal plain with a diffusive model; changes in time of deep and bottom water masses in this sector of Antarctica, which is more rarely visited than others or very close to ANtarctica. There is actually a repeated station to the northeast of the sector at 56.5S/63°E (OISO station 11). I am not exactly sure of its bottom depth, but over 4900 db, which bottle data are regularly placed in the GLODAP archive
The paper's reference is Ocean Sci., 16, 1559–1576, 2020
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-1559-2020
Variability and stability of anthropogenic CO2 in Antarctic
BottomWater observed in the Indian sector of the
Southern Ocean, 1978–2018
Léo Mahieu1, Claire Lo Monaco2, Nicolas Metzl2, Jonathan Fin2, and Claude Mignon2 .This may not interest as much the authors, as it is mostly T, S, O2, DIC, TA, and sometimes, NO3, Silicates (rarely PO4). On the other hand, it could be nice to check some of the trends mentioned in the last section.
In the same biogeochemical community, there is an other paper by:
Zhang, S., Wu, Y., Cai, W.-J., Cai, W., Feely, R. A., Wang, Z., et al. (2023). Transport of anthropogenic carbon from the Antarctic shelf to deep Southern Ocean triggers acidification. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, e2023GB007921. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007921
I am a little bit wondering of the interest of the frontal description and the two plots on figure 5 (I believe that one is enough), but as it is not the core of the paper, I dont mind that it is discussed in that part..
When considering the diffusive model, as well as for the water mass composition of the bottom water, the set of constrains is not that large (as clearly some of the variables used are verycross- correlated, as discussed in the appendix). Thus, the choice is made not to take into account the two AABW water masses that originate from further east, as the authors argue that this water does not make it as far west as this section, as it seems mostly flow as an eastern bonderay current northwards in the eastern Enderby Basin. This prompts my comment: If the diffusive hypothesis is relevant, shouldn't it also include diffusion from the eastern boundary (with the water probably having slight different properties). How are you sure that this does not happen? I am just concerned of the limits of the diffusive interpretation and water mass origin made in the paper (not so sure that it would change much, in fine!). Of course, I am aware that you only have a meridional section, and thus not the zonal variability component within the Enderby basin (the othertwo sections are further away which makes sense!
My other comments are mostly on some details that could be improved or on which I had minor questions.
Minor comments:
Fronts on map 1 a bit strange east of Kerguelen-McDonald plateau and Fawn Trough (mostly SACCF not getting in right place?), but no importance for the topic (and front names could be overlaid on contours for example in the west of the map (where they are all well separated). Hard to see little crosses, circles, that are small (and at 30°E overlaid on longitude line)
- 42, evidence for eddy activity at 1000 dbar (reference on the product not reported in the text, but in the figure 2 caption, where it seems to 1°x1° mapped Scripps Argo drift data (Katsumata, 2017); would the ANDRO (French) product show the same features?). At first hand, I was surprised that, on figure 2, EKE seems larger at 1000m (but that might be some filtering in the altimetry data). Contours on figure 2 hard to visualize (the 200m and 5000 m contours should be done with different colours)
The authors attribute the diffusive nature in Enderby basin (dee layers) to these upper eddies… (l. 44? In section 4.1). Altogether, I find that there is too much summary of results in the introduction, that could be skipped. This is not the place to summarize results.
- 76 Figure 4 seems to be cited before figure 3 (l. 81). I have also some difficulties seeing the colour curves (too thin) on the lower panel of figure 4 (also, the colour on top panel)/
- 78: E instead of S for two latitudes.
Figue 3: in the sections, it seems that there is no station to the bottom near 4000 km. This could be be mentioned in describing the data (as this is one area, where the horizontal resolution indicated is not reached, except in the top 2000 db (XCTDs?)
Figure 6: gradient reported at ¼ degree grid, but results from some spatial smoothing in WOD2023 (typically, on the order of 3°). The maximum gradient reported on line 96 at this location might be due to the stationarity of the front at this longitude. I don’t think that the ‘instantaneous’ gradient is weaker, for example, at locations further east in the Indian Ocean.
l.97: ‘sality’ should be ‘salty’
- 105: ‘mesoscale structures at 3000 dbar depth’. I am not sure what is exactly refered to. It is not that clear on Q and S sections (at least to the naked eye). What there is is in O2 some strong spatial variability in this region (and depth). Is there some indication from the current measurements of mesoscale structures at this depth and location. I am not so sure that this is indicative of vigorous isopycnal mixing. Or, at least, what the reasoning for that should be explained.
Figure 7 shows currents integrated over neutral density range 27.9 to 28.27. Unfortunately, figure 3 does not show 27.9 (it starts contours at 28.0). Where is this neutral surface located (or could we instead show currents in 28.0-28.27 ofr LCDW layer?). On this figure does one have an idea of the uncertainty in the velocity profile reconstruction. In particular I was a little puzzled by the strong northward velocity component in LCDW for the northern stations in the basin part of the section. Surprising in the two ellipses presented, it seems that the residual average current is exactly zonal. I find that really surprising, and wondered whether the meridional component is not plotted. I am also not sure on how to read the scale of the vectors presented on the figure. I would help to have an arrow below the plot with its velocity value to report this information.
- 113: is the range 10-5 to 10-4 m2s-1 the overall range for all stations, and all depths, or has there been some smoothing. It would be interesting to see its average profile (with quantiles (maybe 20 and 80%) added to see how significant is the near bottom enhancement.
l.115: Isopycnal diffusivity estimated from vertical diffusivity? (and/or tracer distribution).
l.120-125: here D dependency with depth commented earlier is neglected. This could have some impact on the distribution of tracers and their evolution (as well as one the interior vertical velocity), but maybe it would be a small effect. Can the authors quantify it? Later, I got puzzled as on line 166, mention is made of the spatial variability in diffusivity attributed to figure 8c (but not found on it?)
Figure 8: different convention on distance than in earlier figures (with 0 at southern boundaries). This is no problem for me, but maybe some readers might be a bit surprised.
Then description of the mechanistic diffusive model. I am a little skeptical, as with the two sources they prescribe, it seems to me that there are too many parameters, and many approximations (such as dilution over shelf when waters formed, with 50% sounding a bit high, even with that specified there are 5 unknowns to specify). On the other hand, diffusivity values are reasonable, so are the a values.
After, watermass study for gamma > 28.27. Among equations, they have PO*, NO* and even SO*, in addition to T and S (I am wondering how independent are the different constraints; actually this is presented in Figure A1, and indeed they are highly inter-related and linear with T). Analysis based on Johnson (2008).
On figure 9 caption, mention of 107S, but it does not seem that the plot was retained.
Fig. 9: the left panel is hard to follow with the overlaid data from R/V Hakuho cruises and from the 107S 2019/2020 stations. The two LCDW waters specified on plot are mentioned on line 218. What sets the choice of these two values?
- 224: ‘… only at 70°E and not at 60°E’.
In table 3 caption, mention changes relative to what…. As is it is not clear what is presented (appears in the text of section 5, but should also appear in the caption). I am also not sure why the change in temperature in LCDW/AABW is not presented on the table (I realize that some of the reported changes (stations 115 and 117) are taken on an isopycnal (which should also be mentioned in the table; this is somewhat different than for the other stations).
- 291, Figure 14 also suggests some SSH increase further south. I guess that the comment on southward motion refers to the dipole in trend between 42°S and 45°S. However, overall, I appreciate the discussion of trends.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2237-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Katsuro Katsumata, 12 Nov 2024
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