the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The geomagnetic superstorm of 10 May 2024: Citizen science observations
Abstract. The 10 May 2024 geomagnetic storm was one of the most extreme to have occurred in over 20 years. In the era of smartphones and social media, millions of people from all around the world were alerted to the possibility of exceptional auroral displays. Hence, many people not only witnessed but also photographed the aurora during this event. These observations, although not from traditional scientific instruments, can prove invaluable in obtaining data to characterise this extraordinary event. In particular, many observers saw and photographed the aurora at mid-latitudes, where ground-based instruments targeting auroral studies are sparse or absent. Moreover, the proximity of the event to the northern hemisphere summer solstice meant that many optical instruments were not in operation due to the lack of suitably dark conditions. We created an online survey and circulated it within networks of aurora photographers to collect observations of the aurora and disruptions in technological systems that were experienced during this superstorm. We obtained 696 citizen science reports from over 30 countries, containing information such as the time and location of aurora sightings, observed colours and auroral forms, as well as geolocalisation, network, and power disruptions noticed during the geomagnetic storm. We supplemented the obtained dataset with 186 auroral observations logged in the Skywarden catalogue (https://taivaanvahti.fi) by citizen scientists. The main findings enabled by the data collected through these reports are that the aurora was widely seen from locations at geomagnetic latitudes ranging between 30° and 60°, with a few reports from even lower latitudes. This was significantly further equatorward than predicted by auroral oval models, and that the auroral electron precipitation contained large fluxes of low-energy (< 1 keV) particles. This may explain the predominantly red and pink colours of the aurora as reported by citizen scientists, intense enough to reach naked-eye visibility. This study also reveals the limitations of citizen science data collection via a rudimentary online form. We discuss possible solutions to enable more detailed and quantitative studies of extreme geomagnetic events with citizen science in the future.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-2174', Allison Jaynes, 10 Sep 2024
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This publication details the collection and results of a citizen science effort to study the May 2024 superstorm. The results show compelling observations that are not possible through the traditional means due to the latitude extent of such a large geomagnetic disturbance. And the results also show detailed scientific characteristics of the storm, as exhibited by the particle energy content estimates as well as the reports of technological interruptions. Overall, this is an impressive overview of the May 2024 superstorm from the citizen science data collection perspective and offers tangible leads for further scientific research from a simple and elegantly-executed system of volunteer reporting.
The paper is in publishable form as it is. However, I have some suggestions (mostly that the authors could take or leave) so I submitted it as “accepted subject to minor revisions”. The suggestions are listed below.
Line 26: I very much suggest naming this as the Gannon Storm for a couple reasons. (1) There will not ever be a consensus given by an authoritative source; the name that sticks is the one that most people use in the literature, so you are part of that decision-making here. (2) I think the Gannon Storm is the most appropriate name, both in the memory of Jenn but also in that the Mother’s Day name is not meaningful in much of the world that does not celebrate that holiday. Naming it for an impactful scientist is more genuine, I think. Also, there is a delegation to the US Space Weather Action Policy group that will recommend to name this storm for her officially (I think it happens later this month or next month). This is, of course, just suggestion and I’m not fiercely adamant about the change.
Line 41: Might be worth mentioning the ‘CME that missed’ study from 2013. Baker, D. N., Li, X., Pulkkinen, A., Ngwira, C. M., Mays, M. L., Galvin, A. B., & Simunac, K. D. C. (2013). A major solar eruptive event in July 2012: Defining extreme space weather scenarios. Space Weather, 11(10), 585-591.
Line 108: Are you only using Wind data? I think if you are using OMNI data products, you are using a combination of Wind, ACE and DSCOVR.
Line 118: Have you reached out to anyone to see if Artemis could provide solar wind data during the gap? They sometimes are in the right place and have reliable data to fill in the OMNI data. Not sure it matters enough to be worth the effort for this, though.
Lines 127-145: While this detailed description of the storm characteristics and phases is worthwhile, I was left wondering how this compares to the rest of the solar cycle. It might be a nice addition to add some comparisons such as the last time Dst was below -400 nT or how often the SME reached similar or greater values throughout the previous decade. This should be fairly easy with the historical OMNI data. I think it would add a very nice context to all the numbers quoted in these paragraphs.
Lines 203-204 and Figure 2: It is nearly impossible to distinguish the blue dots from the black dots so I didn’t even realize there were Skywarden reports from Canada, New Zealand, etc until reading these lines and I can’t pick them out even knowing they are there. Would it be possible to make them X’s or some other symbol and also maybe a different color to help differentiate?
Figure 5: Is it possible to add horizontal grid lines for the major ticks? I was wanting to compare the exact number of different colors at different locations but the format makes it difficult to do so. It sort of looks like pink/magenta outpaces green at all latitudes(!) but it’s a bit hard to tell.
Figure 6 and Lines 320-325: I think it would be very valuable to show the histogram of SZA for the green reports. I suspect you’ll see the opposite distribution - most of the green reports occurring at the higher SZAs. It would be interesting to see the comparison. I don’t know if it’s better to overplot the data (maybe with open, unfilled bars?) or to make a new panel.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2174-RC1
Data sets
Citizen Science Reports on Aurora Sighting and Technological Disruptions during the 10 May 2024 Geomagnetic Storm – ARCTICS Survey ARCTICS collaboration https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12732615
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