the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 22 Jul 2024
Subaqueous speleothems as archives of groundwater recharge on Australia’s southern arid margin
Abstract. As anthropogenic climate change enhances aridity across vast regions of the globe, understanding drivers of aridification is more important than ever before. Unfortunately, arid regions globally tend to exhibit a paucity of palaeoclimate records, and the archives that are available typically comprise unconsolidated sediments prone to reworking, large dating uncertainties, and ambiguous climatic interpretations. This is certainly true of Australia’s vast continental interior, which is dominated by harsh, arid conditions. Mairs Cave, in the southern Ikara-Flinders Ranges (South Australia), is located on the southern margin of the arid zone. In the present day the cave is largely dry and there is limited evidence of active speleothem growth. However, historical records and observations throughout the cave indicate that it has been periodically flooded, suggesting the local water balance was once much more positive than it is today. The cave contains a curtain of hanging speleothems known as pendulites, which grow subaqueously when submerged in water that is saturated with respect to calcite. Geochemical evidence, including trace element concentrations, uranium isotope ratios, and Dead Carbon Fractions, all indicate that rising of the local groundwater during periods of enhanced groundwater recharge is the cause of the cave flooding events that trigger pendulite growth. Uranium-thorium dating of a pendulite retrieved from Mairs Cave has revealed two multi-millennial growth phases (68.5 to 65.4 kyr and 51.2 to 42.3 kyr) and two short bursts of growth (18.9 kyr and 16.4 kyr) during the Last Glacial Period. The absence of subsequent pendulite growth suggests that strong water deficits under warm Holocene interglacial conditions give rise to episodic, rather than persistent, cave flooding.
Competing interests: At least one of the (co-)authors is a member of the editorial board of Climate of the Past.
Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.-
Notice on discussion status
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
-
Preprint
(2215 KB)
-
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(2215 KB) - Metadata XML
- BibTeX
- EndNote
- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1959', Anonymous Referee #1, 11 Aug 2024
This paper presented detailed studies of a subaqueous speleothem from Mairs Cave in South Australia. By systematically analyzing the trace element concentrations, uranium isotope ratios, and Dead Carbon Fractions, the authors suggested that the enhanced groundwater recharge was the cause of the cave flooding events that trigger the pendulite growth. They indicated two multi-millennial growth phases (68.5 to 65.4 kyr and 51.2 to 42.3 kyr) and two short bursts of growth (18.9 kyr and 16.4 kyr) during the Last Glacial Period in this region, which corresponding to maximum local summer insolation.
I read this paper with great interest, because few studies were done in pendulites when comparing to stalagmites. In addition, speleothem records are very important for understanding the past hydroclimate change of this arid region. Therefore, I recommend its publication with minor revisions.
- Line 13, “As anthropogenic climate change enhances aridity across vast regions of the globe,”I think this is a debated question, not a conclusion.
- Line 38-42, the descriptions of aeolian and paleolacustrine depositions in arid region are too arbitrary. Some of them well well studied and have very good climate presentations in arid regions in the world.
- I suggest to reduce the conclusion part and make it more concise.
- The colors of different dates in Fig 7a are not easy to distinguish, you may consider to change to some striking colors.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply to RC1', Calla Gould-Whaley, 15 Aug 2024
We would like to sincerely thank the referee for taking the time to read our paper and for their positive feedback. Their comments have been very helpful and will be addressed in our revised submission.Citation: https://doi.org/
10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959-AC1
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1959', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Oct 2024
The manuscript by Gould-Whaley et al. presents trace element and cation concentration data, alongside U/Th and radiocarbon ages of various speleothems and water samples. The authors have also calculated the dead carbon fraction, contributing valuable insights into groundwater recharge dynamics in a region with limited paleoclimatic proxies. Overall, this is a well-crafted manuscript with sound results, and it is a meaningful addition to research from Australia’s southern arid margin.
My review is divided into two parts: the first addresses the terminology used, which I consider an important aspect, and the second includes comments on other elements that may improve the manuscript with a straightforward revision.
1. Specific comment
I was surprised by the use of the term “pendulites.” This term appears to have previously been applied specifically to partially submerged stalactites in the Jewel and Lechuguilla caves. Identical speleothem forms have been known for decades under various names, such as "war-cup," "war-club-shaped stalactites," and "drumstick." While “pendulites” is included in a Cave and Karst Lexicon published in 2002, it remains relatively uncommon in the scientific literature on caves.
After examining the references provided by the authors, I found that these primarily refer to a specific type of cave deposit known as “phreatic overgrowths on speleothems” (POS), which have been documented in caves in Mallorca, Sardinia, and Cuba. These POS deposits form in brackish water environments in caves located within a few hundred meters of the coastline, with their morphology controlled by tidal ranges. POS are used in several high-profile studies to reconstruct sea-level changes across Holocene, MIS 5and Pliocene. Moreover, the POS formations referenced in these papers are shown to form on stalactites, stalagmites, columns, or directly on cave walls, not only on stalactites as “pendulites".
Given this, citing these references could imply that “pendulites” and POS are identical in form and genetic mechanism; however, based on my reading, they are distinct. While both forms develop subaqueously, the factors that control their morphology and their significance (sea level vs. groundwater recharge) differ substantially. I recommend that the authors clarify this to avoid potential confusion. Specifically, it would be helpful for the manuscript to either distinctly differentiate between “pendulites” and POS by providing a parallel description or define “pendulites” without referring to POS.
2. Comments/questions/suggestions
Line 80: Water drips from the ceiling, rather than through the ceiling.
Line 101-102: The phrase “seal off the original path of drip” may be unnecessary. Once a speleothem is submerged, gravitational growth cannot continue, as water cannot flow through the internal soda straw..
Line 116: Please provide the Köppen climatic classification for better clarity.
Lines 145-148: Including a panoramic view or a series of images from this room would help readers assess the positions of the subaqueous overgrowth (pendulites) in relation to coated breakdown and wall coatings. In Figure 3, it is challenging to identify water levels responsible for calcite precipitation. Such images could be added in a supplementary file.
Line 171: In Figure 2, please clarify the abbreviation “mAHD".
Line 195: The phrase “curtain of bulbous formations” could be clarified. Are these formations the “pendulites”? If so, consider using this term or describing them as “stalactites with subaqueous overgrowth.”
Line 201: Consider using “pendulite” or “subaqueous overgrowth” for precision, as speleothem is a more general term.
Line 203-204: Not clear. Was this only one thin section from the entire speleothem or one from a certain area of it? Maybe you can show its position in Figure 4. Additionally, “deposition state” could benefit from further clarification.
Line 214: Please verify the spot size values, as they seem large for a pre-ablation spot size. Are these values in nm or µm?
Line 215-216: Use superscript formatting where appropriated.
Line 243-243: The sentence mentions “seven clean calcite rafts (MCCR-10, 16, 18, 20, 22, 29),” but I count six samples. Please double-check for accuracy.
Line 279-281: Do you really need all these references for a calibration curve?
Line 294-296: The text discusses a “pendulite,” but cites a study (Boop et al.) that describes the genetic origin of phreatic overgrowths on speleothems. Consider addressing this to clarify the distinction.
Line 314: Figure 5: Please indicate from which part of Fig. 4 the thin section was made.
Line 319: In Figure 4 there is a purple line. I do not see a yellow line.
Line 335: Table 2. It would be helpful to use the same units as in Table 1 (mmol/L or µmol/L).
3 should be subscript in CaCO3
Figure 6 caption: he caption mentions blue and orange colors that do not appear in the plot. Please verify and correct the caption, as these colors are referenced twice (lines and shaded areas).
Line 342: In Figure 4, green lines are visible, though the text references orange. Please verify.
Line 366: Table 3: Consider including the 232Th data to provide a complete dataset.
Line 710: “Racovita E.” is not listed among the coauthors in the cited study. Please remove this name.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Calla Gould-Whaley, 11 Nov 2024
Thank you to the referee for their valuable and considered feedback.
- Specific comment: The pendulite in our study is comprised of material deposited subaqueously on an existing speleothem within the phreatic zone, which constitutes a Phreatic Overgrowth on a Speleothem (POS). However, as the reviewer points out, studies of POS have thus far focused on coastal caves filled with brackish water, where the height of the phreatic zone is governed by sea level change. As a result, the term POS has become associated with this specific growth context. We agree that the manuscript would benefit from a more thorough explanation of this background. We originally chose to include the references to POS because they provide detailed descriptions of how variability in the height of the phreatic zone can be reconstructed from discontinuous subaqueous speleothem growth. To our knowledge there have been no such studies of pendulites. The references to pendulites we have come across in the literature are no more than one sentence. In the Glossary of Cave and Karst Terminology (Gillieson, 1996) “Pendulite - A kind of stalactite which has been partly submerged and the submerged part covered with dog-tooth spar to give the appearance of a drumstick”. In the Cave and Karst Lexicon (Field et al., 2002): “Pendulite - A kind of stalactite which has been partly submerged”. Martini and Grimes, 2012: “One of the most spectacular dripstones is the ‘Pendulite’, which formed when the tip of a long stalactite reached a rimpool surface and within the water developed a bulbous piece of shelfstone”. In contrast to existing studies of POS, we describe a setting where the height of the phreatic zone is determined by recharge of the local aquifer. Additionally, the term pendulite specifically refers to a phreatic overgrowth on a stalactite. We will amend the manuscript to clarify these distinctions. Thank you for this suggestion.
- Comments/questions/suggestions: Thank you for picking up on so many silly mistakes. The first author was overly-eager to submit their first paper and will pay greater attention to detail upon submission of the revised manuscript! Regarding the table containing the U-Th results, we have decided that including the 232Th content would make the table too large, and is unnecessary considering the values can be calculated from the data we have provided.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959-AC2
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Calla Gould-Whaley, 11 Nov 2024
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1959', Anonymous Referee #1, 11 Aug 2024
This paper presented detailed studies of a subaqueous speleothem from Mairs Cave in South Australia. By systematically analyzing the trace element concentrations, uranium isotope ratios, and Dead Carbon Fractions, the authors suggested that the enhanced groundwater recharge was the cause of the cave flooding events that trigger the pendulite growth. They indicated two multi-millennial growth phases (68.5 to 65.4 kyr and 51.2 to 42.3 kyr) and two short bursts of growth (18.9 kyr and 16.4 kyr) during the Last Glacial Period in this region, which corresponding to maximum local summer insolation.
I read this paper with great interest, because few studies were done in pendulites when comparing to stalagmites. In addition, speleothem records are very important for understanding the past hydroclimate change of this arid region. Therefore, I recommend its publication with minor revisions.
- Line 13, “As anthropogenic climate change enhances aridity across vast regions of the globe,”I think this is a debated question, not a conclusion.
- Line 38-42, the descriptions of aeolian and paleolacustrine depositions in arid region are too arbitrary. Some of them well well studied and have very good climate presentations in arid regions in the world.
- I suggest to reduce the conclusion part and make it more concise.
- The colors of different dates in Fig 7a are not easy to distinguish, you may consider to change to some striking colors.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply to RC1', Calla Gould-Whaley, 15 Aug 2024
We would like to sincerely thank the referee for taking the time to read our paper and for their positive feedback. Their comments have been very helpful and will be addressed in our revised submission.Citation: https://doi.org/
10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959-AC1
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2024-1959', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Oct 2024
The manuscript by Gould-Whaley et al. presents trace element and cation concentration data, alongside U/Th and radiocarbon ages of various speleothems and water samples. The authors have also calculated the dead carbon fraction, contributing valuable insights into groundwater recharge dynamics in a region with limited paleoclimatic proxies. Overall, this is a well-crafted manuscript with sound results, and it is a meaningful addition to research from Australia’s southern arid margin.
My review is divided into two parts: the first addresses the terminology used, which I consider an important aspect, and the second includes comments on other elements that may improve the manuscript with a straightforward revision.
1. Specific comment
I was surprised by the use of the term “pendulites.” This term appears to have previously been applied specifically to partially submerged stalactites in the Jewel and Lechuguilla caves. Identical speleothem forms have been known for decades under various names, such as "war-cup," "war-club-shaped stalactites," and "drumstick." While “pendulites” is included in a Cave and Karst Lexicon published in 2002, it remains relatively uncommon in the scientific literature on caves.
After examining the references provided by the authors, I found that these primarily refer to a specific type of cave deposit known as “phreatic overgrowths on speleothems” (POS), which have been documented in caves in Mallorca, Sardinia, and Cuba. These POS deposits form in brackish water environments in caves located within a few hundred meters of the coastline, with their morphology controlled by tidal ranges. POS are used in several high-profile studies to reconstruct sea-level changes across Holocene, MIS 5and Pliocene. Moreover, the POS formations referenced in these papers are shown to form on stalactites, stalagmites, columns, or directly on cave walls, not only on stalactites as “pendulites".
Given this, citing these references could imply that “pendulites” and POS are identical in form and genetic mechanism; however, based on my reading, they are distinct. While both forms develop subaqueously, the factors that control their morphology and their significance (sea level vs. groundwater recharge) differ substantially. I recommend that the authors clarify this to avoid potential confusion. Specifically, it would be helpful for the manuscript to either distinctly differentiate between “pendulites” and POS by providing a parallel description or define “pendulites” without referring to POS.
2. Comments/questions/suggestions
Line 80: Water drips from the ceiling, rather than through the ceiling.
Line 101-102: The phrase “seal off the original path of drip” may be unnecessary. Once a speleothem is submerged, gravitational growth cannot continue, as water cannot flow through the internal soda straw..
Line 116: Please provide the Köppen climatic classification for better clarity.
Lines 145-148: Including a panoramic view or a series of images from this room would help readers assess the positions of the subaqueous overgrowth (pendulites) in relation to coated breakdown and wall coatings. In Figure 3, it is challenging to identify water levels responsible for calcite precipitation. Such images could be added in a supplementary file.
Line 171: In Figure 2, please clarify the abbreviation “mAHD".
Line 195: The phrase “curtain of bulbous formations” could be clarified. Are these formations the “pendulites”? If so, consider using this term or describing them as “stalactites with subaqueous overgrowth.”
Line 201: Consider using “pendulite” or “subaqueous overgrowth” for precision, as speleothem is a more general term.
Line 203-204: Not clear. Was this only one thin section from the entire speleothem or one from a certain area of it? Maybe you can show its position in Figure 4. Additionally, “deposition state” could benefit from further clarification.
Line 214: Please verify the spot size values, as they seem large for a pre-ablation spot size. Are these values in nm or µm?
Line 215-216: Use superscript formatting where appropriated.
Line 243-243: The sentence mentions “seven clean calcite rafts (MCCR-10, 16, 18, 20, 22, 29),” but I count six samples. Please double-check for accuracy.
Line 279-281: Do you really need all these references for a calibration curve?
Line 294-296: The text discusses a “pendulite,” but cites a study (Boop et al.) that describes the genetic origin of phreatic overgrowths on speleothems. Consider addressing this to clarify the distinction.
Line 314: Figure 5: Please indicate from which part of Fig. 4 the thin section was made.
Line 319: In Figure 4 there is a purple line. I do not see a yellow line.
Line 335: Table 2. It would be helpful to use the same units as in Table 1 (mmol/L or µmol/L).
3 should be subscript in CaCO3
Figure 6 caption: he caption mentions blue and orange colors that do not appear in the plot. Please verify and correct the caption, as these colors are referenced twice (lines and shaded areas).
Line 342: In Figure 4, green lines are visible, though the text references orange. Please verify.
Line 366: Table 3: Consider including the 232Th data to provide a complete dataset.
Line 710: “Racovita E.” is not listed among the coauthors in the cited study. Please remove this name.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Calla Gould-Whaley, 11 Nov 2024
Thank you to the referee for their valuable and considered feedback.
- Specific comment: The pendulite in our study is comprised of material deposited subaqueously on an existing speleothem within the phreatic zone, which constitutes a Phreatic Overgrowth on a Speleothem (POS). However, as the reviewer points out, studies of POS have thus far focused on coastal caves filled with brackish water, where the height of the phreatic zone is governed by sea level change. As a result, the term POS has become associated with this specific growth context. We agree that the manuscript would benefit from a more thorough explanation of this background. We originally chose to include the references to POS because they provide detailed descriptions of how variability in the height of the phreatic zone can be reconstructed from discontinuous subaqueous speleothem growth. To our knowledge there have been no such studies of pendulites. The references to pendulites we have come across in the literature are no more than one sentence. In the Glossary of Cave and Karst Terminology (Gillieson, 1996) “Pendulite - A kind of stalactite which has been partly submerged and the submerged part covered with dog-tooth spar to give the appearance of a drumstick”. In the Cave and Karst Lexicon (Field et al., 2002): “Pendulite - A kind of stalactite which has been partly submerged”. Martini and Grimes, 2012: “One of the most spectacular dripstones is the ‘Pendulite’, which formed when the tip of a long stalactite reached a rimpool surface and within the water developed a bulbous piece of shelfstone”. In contrast to existing studies of POS, we describe a setting where the height of the phreatic zone is determined by recharge of the local aquifer. Additionally, the term pendulite specifically refers to a phreatic overgrowth on a stalactite. We will amend the manuscript to clarify these distinctions. Thank you for this suggestion.
- Comments/questions/suggestions: Thank you for picking up on so many silly mistakes. The first author was overly-eager to submit their first paper and will pay greater attention to detail upon submission of the revised manuscript! Regarding the table containing the U-Th results, we have decided that including the 232Th content would make the table too large, and is unnecessary considering the values can be calculated from the data we have provided.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1959-AC2
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Calla Gould-Whaley, 11 Nov 2024
Peer review completion
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Viewed
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 411 | 139 | 160 | 710 | 30 | 30 |
- HTML: 411
- PDF: 139
- XML: 160
- Total: 710
- BibTeX: 30
- EndNote: 30
Viewed (geographical distribution)
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
Calla N. Gould-Whaley
Russell N. Drysdale
Pauline C. Treble
Jan-Hendrik May
Stacey C. Priestley
John C. Hellstrom
Clare Buswell
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(2215 KB) - Metadata XML