Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2964
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2964
04 Jan 2024
 | 04 Jan 2024

Divergent responses of evergreen needle-leaf forests in Europe to the 2020 warm winter

Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann

Abstract. Relative to drought and heat waves, the effect of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes during the dormant season has less been investigated, despite its relevance for net CO2 uptake in colder regions with higher carbon content in soils. Our objective was to test the effect of the exceptionally warm winter in 2020 on the winter CO2 budget of cold-adapted evergreen needle-leaf forests across Europe, and identify the contribution of soil and air temperature to changes in winter CO2 fluxes in response to warming. Our hypothesis was that warming in winter leads to higher emissions across colder sites due to increased ecosystem respiration. To test this hypothesis, we used 98 site-year eddy covariance measurements across 14 evergreen needle-leaf forests (ENFs) distributed from north to south of Europe (from Sweden to Italy). We used a data-driven approach to quantify the effect of air and soil temperature on changes in net ecosystem productivity (NEP) during the warm winter of 2020. Our results showed that the impact of warming was different across sites, as in the lower altitude and lower latitude sites positive soil temperature anomalies were larger, while positive air temperature anomalies were larger in the northern latitude and high-altitude sites. Warming in winter led to a divergent response across the sites. Out of 14 sites only in 3 sites net ecosystem productivity declined in winter significantly in response to warming. In addition, we observed that in the colder sites daytime NEP (that is dominated by photosynthesis) declined with warming of the air in winter, whereas in the warmer sites daytime NEP increased with warming of the soil. This shows that warming of the air – if not translated into a direct warming of the soil– might not trigger productivity in winter if the soil within the rooting zone remains frozen. Forests within the same plant functional type category can exhibit differing reactions to winter warming and to predict their responses accurately it is crucial to account for variations in local climate, physiology, and structure simultaneously.

Competing interests: At least one of the (co-)authors is a member of the editorial board of Biogeosciences. The peer-review process was guided by an independent editor, and the authors also have no other competing interests to declare.

Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.
Share

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

12 Mar 2025
Impact of winter warming on CO2 fluxes in evergreen needleleaf forests
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 22, 1393–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025, 2025
Short summary
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2964', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Feb 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2964', Jonas Lembrechts, 25 Feb 2024

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2964', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Feb 2024
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2964', Jonas Lembrechts, 25 Feb 2024

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
ED: Reconsider after major revisions (13 May 2024) by Andrew Feldman
AR by Mana Gharun on behalf of the Authors (11 Jul 2024)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (17 Jul 2024) by Andrew Feldman
RR by Anonymous Referee #1 (05 Aug 2024)
RR by Jonas Lembrechts (20 Aug 2024)
ED: Reconsider after major revisions (31 Aug 2024) by Andrew Feldman
AR by Mana Gharun on behalf of the Authors (15 Oct 2024)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (20 Oct 2024) by Andrew Feldman
RR by Jonas Lembrechts (23 Nov 2024)
ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (09 Dec 2024) by Andrew Feldman
AR by Mana Gharun on behalf of the Authors (17 Dec 2024)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes 
EF by Daria Karpachova (19 Dec 2024)  Manuscript   Supplement 
ED: Publish as is (19 Dec 2024) by Andrew Feldman
AR by Mana Gharun on behalf of the Authors (06 Jan 2025)  Manuscript 

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

12 Mar 2025
Impact of winter warming on CO2 fluxes in evergreen needleleaf forests
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
Biogeosciences, 22, 1393–1411, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1393-2025, 2025
Short summary
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann
Mana Gharun, Ankit Shekhar, Lukas Hörtnagl, Luana Krebs, Nicola Arriga, Mirco Migliavacca, Marilyn Roland, Bert Gielen, Leonardo Montagnani, Enrico Tomelleri, Ladislav Šigut, Matthias Peichl, Peng Zhao, Marius Schmidt, Thomas Grünwald, Mika Korkiakoski, Annalea Lohila, and Nina Buchmann

Viewed

Total article views: 924 (including HTML, PDF, and XML)
HTML PDF XML Total Supplement BibTeX EndNote
719 164 41 924 64 34 28
  • HTML: 719
  • PDF: 164
  • XML: 41
  • Total: 924
  • Supplement: 64
  • BibTeX: 34
  • EndNote: 28
Views and downloads (calculated since 04 Jan 2024)
Cumulative views and downloads (calculated since 04 Jan 2024)

Viewed (geographical distribution)

Total article views: 930 (including HTML, PDF, and XML) Thereof 930 with geography defined and 0 with unknown origin.
Country # Views %
  • 1
1
 
 
 
 
Latest update: 12 Mar 2025
Download

The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.

Short summary
Effect of winter warming on forest CO2 fluxes has rarely been investigated. We tested the effect of the warm winter in 2020 on the forest CO2 fluxes across 14 sites in Europe and found that in colder sites net ecosystem productivity (NEP) declined during the warm winter, while in the warmer sites NEP increased. Warming leads to increased respiration fluxes but if not translated into a direct warming of the soil might not enhance productivity, if the soil within the rooting zone remains frozen.
Share