Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis of Batukaras Village as a Tourism Village in Indonesia

Windupranata, Wiwin; Al Ghifari, Muhammad Wahyu; Nusantara, Candida Aulia De Silva; Shafa, Marsyanisa; Hayatiningsih, Intan; Mulia, Iyan Eka; Nuraghnia, Alqinthara

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860

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https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860

Preprints

11 Jan 2024

| 11 Jan 2024

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis of Batukaras Village as a Tourism Village in Indonesia

Wiwin Windupranata, Muhammad Wahyu Al Ghifari, Candida Aulia De Silva Nusantara, Marsyanisa Shafa, Intan Hayatiningsih, Iyan Eka Mulia, and Alqinthara Nuraghnia

Abstract. Indonesia's location in the middle of tectonic plates makes it vulnerable to earthquakes and tsunamis, especially in the megathrust zone around Sumatra Island and the southern part of Java Island. Research shows a seismic gap in southern Java, which poses a potential threat of megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis, impacting coastal areas such as Batukaras Village in West Java, a popular tourist destination. To prepare for disasters, Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA), which focuses on seismic factors, was carried out by modeling tsunamis on 3,348 sub-segments of 4 large megathrust segments in the south of Java Island. Stochastic earthquake modeling to simulate the occurrence of a tsunami from an earthquake with 6.5 Mw to the highest potential magnitude on each segment. This research shows that PTHA in Batukaras Village reveals varying heights of 0.84 m, 1.63 m, 2.97 m, and 5.7 m for each earthquake return period of 250 years, 500 years, 1000 years, and 2500 years. The dominant threat arises from the West Java-Central Java megathrust segment, emphasizing the importance of preparedness, although the annual probability of tsunamis is generally low. Our study will deepen knowledge of tsunami hazards associated with megathrust activities near Batukaras Village for mitigation planning and decision-making, and it can become a reference for similar coastal tourist areas.

Received: 30 Nov 2023 – Discussion started: 11 Jan 2024

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Journal article(s) based on this preprint

11 Mar 2025

Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis of Batukaras, a tourism village in Indonesia

Wiwin Windupranata, Muhammad Wahyu Al Ghifari, Candida Aulia De Silva Nusantara, Marsyanisa Shafa, Intan Hayatiningsih, Iyan Eka Mulia, and Alqinthara Nuraghnia

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1057–1069, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1057-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1057-2025, 2025

Short summary

Wiwin Windupranata, Muhammad Wahyu Al Ghifari, Candida Aulia De Silva Nusantara, Marsyanisa Shafa, Intan Hayatiningsih, Iyan Eka Mulia, and Alqinthara Nuraghnia

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2860', Anonymous Referee #1, 11 Mar 2024

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of tsunami hazards in Batukaras Village using Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA). The study addresses key factors such as earthquake return periods, tsunami heights, coastal morphology, and the contribution of different megathrust segments to tsunami hazards. The findings have significant implications for disaster mitigation strategies in the village, particularly for vulnerable coastal areas. However, there are some areas that require clarification and further elaboration. My recommendation is minor revision.
1.The article provides a detailed overview of the PTHA methodology used for tsunami hazard analysis. However, more specific details on the data sources, model assumptions, and validation procedures would enhance the reproducibility and robustness of the analysis. Can the authors elaborate on the process of data validation and verification used to ensure the accuracy of the PTHA results?
2. Although the study acknowledges the uncertainties associated with tsunami hazard modeling, it would be beneficial to include a more in-depth discussion on uncertainty quantification and its implications for decision-making. How were the uncertainties in earthquake parameters, sub-segments size, bathymetry data, and coastal morphology accounted for in the analysis, and how do they impact the reliability of the hazard estimates?
3. The article highlights the vulnerability of sloping coastal areas in Batukaras Village to tsunami hazards. However, a deeper discussion on the specific factors contributing to coastal vulnerability, such as coastline shape, population density, and land use, would provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of tsunamis on the local community.
4.The results of the PTHA analysis are presented effectively through hazard curves, deaggregation maps, and probability assessments. However, in Figure 8, I suggest to add 95% confidence to present a more comprehensive tsunami height?
5. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of disaster mitigation strategies in Batukaras Village. It would be valuable to suggest potential avenues for future research to address knowledge gaps and improve the effectiveness of mitigation efforts. Are there any specific areas of research or data collection that the authors recommend to further enhance understanding of tsunami hazards and vulnerability in Batukaras Village?

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Wiwin Windupranata, 06 May 2024
  
  1.The article provides a detailed overview of the PTHA methodology used for tsunami hazard analysis. However, more specific details on the data sources, model assumptions, and validation procedures would enhance the reproducibility and robustness of the analysis. Can the authors elaborate on the process of data validation and verification used to ensure the accuracy of the PTHA results?
  It is difficult to have validation and verification of the PTHA results, since it is different to a scenario-based tsunami modelling where any evidence based on a tsunami event may available, particularly in the inundation depth. However we try to judge the uncertainties of the results based on PTHA Manual by Thio (2012). A crucial aspect of a probabilistic hazard analysis is the incorporation of uncertainties in both the source and propagation models into the final outcome. There are two types of uncertainties: aleatory and epistemic. These uncertainties belong to frequency and degree of belief approaches to probability respectively. Line 195-211 in the newest version of the paper explain the process.
  2. Although the study acknowledges the uncertainties associated with tsunami hazard modeling, it would be beneficial to include a more in-depth discussion on uncertainty quantification and its implications for decision-making. How were the uncertainties in earthquake parameters, sub-segments size, bathymetry data, and coastal morphology accounted for in the analysis, and how do they impact the reliability of the hazard estimates?
  We try to judge the uncertainties of the results based on PTHA Manual by Thio (2012). The same as the answer for point 1. Please also refer to Line 195-211 in the newest version of the paper.
  
  3. The article highlights the vulnerability of sloping coastal areas in Batukaras Village to tsunami hazards. However, a deeper discussion on the specific factors contributing to coastal vulnerability, such as coastline shape, population density, and land use, would provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of tsunamis on the local community.
  Apart from the sloping coastal factor, the vulnerability of the Batukaras coast to tsunamis is also influenced by the social aspect, where the population in this village is quite dense, reaching 393 inhabitants/km2. Apart from being crowded with residents, the Batukaras coast is also a famous tourist attraction for foreign tourists. This contributes to the vulnerability of the Batukaras coast to tsunami disasters. The coastal area is also vulnerable from an economic perspective, because this coast is dominated by lodging, restaurants, and also agricultural land and plantations, which contribute to the village's regional income. The large amount of land that may be affected by the tsunami could cause significant economic losses for the surrounding community. The results of this PTHA modelling can be a reference in making disaster mitigation strategies and scenarios in Batukaras Village, especially for sloping beach areas. This is also considering that Batukaras Village is one of the tourist villages that is visited by many local and foreign tourists. (Line 307 - 316)
  
  4.The results of the PTHA analysis are presented effectively through hazard curves, deaggregation maps, and probability assessments. However, in Figure 8, I suggest to add 95% confidence to present a more comprehensive tsunami height?
  The request to include 95% of confidence level has been elaborated in Fig. 6 and Fig. 8 of the newest version of our paper.
  
  5. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of disaster mitigation strategies in Batukaras Village. It would be valuable to suggest potential avenues for future research to address knowledge gaps and improve the effectiveness of mitigation efforts. Are there any specific areas of research or data collection that the authors recommend to further enhance understanding of tsunami hazards and vulnerability in Batukaras Village?
  The results of this study can be used as a reference to conduct further research to calculate economic losses from buildings, land use, and other economic factors from tsunami disasters. In mitigation activities, the results of this research can be used to support the assessment components in preparing Batukaras village to become a tsunami ready village published by IOC-UNESCO considering that Batukaras Village is currently in the recognition process. (Line 318-321)
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2860', Anonymous Referee #2, 25 Mar 2024

Based on the Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA), this article has presented the complete analysis of tsunami hazard through the numerical modeling of Green's function using COMCOT. This study is focused on the evaluations of seismic factors. The analyzed process of this study is standards and results are reasonable. Only limited print errors and extended discussions are suggested. The revision is considered as minor revision.
1. The study area is a single small village, and for paths from all distant tsunami sources, each analysis point can be considered the same. The main reason for the differences in tsunami hazard curves is the bathymetry near each coastal station and the wave propagation directions of incidence from each tsunami source. This study uses a large amount of computational resources to simulate tsunami propagation, for the reason of tsunami Green's function computed, in the future, it may be possible to simplify the analysis and got the similar result.
2. Based on the analysis results of this study, it is useful to provide a suggestion for the plan of Tsunami Hazard mitigation in Batukaras Village.
3. Printed errors:
Line 41: only medium-sized earthquakes (Mw<8). Mw 8 is a medium-sized earthquake?
Line 120: In this study he random slips are initially calculated, he as the.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Wiwin Windupranata, 06 May 2024
  
  Thank you for your comments and reviews. We already elaborate all your suggestions and comments in the newest version of our paper.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-AC2
- AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Wiwin Windupranata, 11 Jun 2024
  
  Based on the Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA), this article has presented the complete analysis of tsunami hazard through the numerical modeling of Green's function using COMCOT. This study is focused on the evaluations of seismic factors. The analyzed process of this study is standards and results are reasonable. Only limited print errors and extended discussions are suggested. The revision is considered as minor revision.
  
  1. The study area is a single small village, and for paths from all distant tsunami sources, each analysis point can be considered the same. The main reason for the differences in tsunami hazard curves is the bathymetry near each coastal station and the wave propagation directions of incidence from each tsunami source. This study uses a large amount of computational resources to simulate tsunami propagation, for the reason of tsunami Green's function computed, in the future, it may be possible to simplify the analysis and got the similar result.
  Thank you for your comments, yes we only study on a small village but the tsunami sources come from different megathrust segments along the southern coast of Java Island. Later on the result can be implemented as well for a large area. Related to analysis we try to have as much as possible interpretation from the simulation results, therefore we used a large amount of computational resources.
  
  2. Based on the analysis results of this study, it is useful to provide a suggestion for the plan of Tsunami Hazard mitigation in Batukaras Village.
  It is already included in the new version of the paper in Line 318-321. The results of this study can be used as a reference to conduct further research to calculate economic losses from buildings, land use, and other economic factors from tsunami disasters. In mitigation activities, the results of this research can be used to support the assessment components in preparing Batukaras village to become a tsunami ready village published by IOC-UNESCO considering that Batukaras Village is currently in the recognition process.
  3. Printed errors:
  
  Line 41: only medium-sized earthquakes (Mw<8). Mw 8 is a medium-sized earthquake?
  
  We have removed the term medium sized, we used the following sentence instead.
  
  This condition is reinforced by the fact that no major earthquakes have occurred in the past few years; only earthquakes of magnitude below Mw<8 have occurred in the past 100 years (Supendi et al., 2023).
  Line 120: In this study the random slips are initially calculated, he as the.
  
  It is corrected already, thank you.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-AC3

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2860', Anonymous Referee #1, 11 Mar 2024

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of tsunami hazards in Batukaras Village using Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA). The study addresses key factors such as earthquake return periods, tsunami heights, coastal morphology, and the contribution of different megathrust segments to tsunami hazards. The findings have significant implications for disaster mitigation strategies in the village, particularly for vulnerable coastal areas. However, there are some areas that require clarification and further elaboration. My recommendation is minor revision.
1.The article provides a detailed overview of the PTHA methodology used for tsunami hazard analysis. However, more specific details on the data sources, model assumptions, and validation procedures would enhance the reproducibility and robustness of the analysis. Can the authors elaborate on the process of data validation and verification used to ensure the accuracy of the PTHA results?
2. Although the study acknowledges the uncertainties associated with tsunami hazard modeling, it would be beneficial to include a more in-depth discussion on uncertainty quantification and its implications for decision-making. How were the uncertainties in earthquake parameters, sub-segments size, bathymetry data, and coastal morphology accounted for in the analysis, and how do they impact the reliability of the hazard estimates?
3. The article highlights the vulnerability of sloping coastal areas in Batukaras Village to tsunami hazards. However, a deeper discussion on the specific factors contributing to coastal vulnerability, such as coastline shape, population density, and land use, would provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of tsunamis on the local community.
4.The results of the PTHA analysis are presented effectively through hazard curves, deaggregation maps, and probability assessments. However, in Figure 8, I suggest to add 95% confidence to present a more comprehensive tsunami height?
5. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of disaster mitigation strategies in Batukaras Village. It would be valuable to suggest potential avenues for future research to address knowledge gaps and improve the effectiveness of mitigation efforts. Are there any specific areas of research or data collection that the authors recommend to further enhance understanding of tsunami hazards and vulnerability in Batukaras Village?

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-RC1
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Wiwin Windupranata, 06 May 2024
  
  1.The article provides a detailed overview of the PTHA methodology used for tsunami hazard analysis. However, more specific details on the data sources, model assumptions, and validation procedures would enhance the reproducibility and robustness of the analysis. Can the authors elaborate on the process of data validation and verification used to ensure the accuracy of the PTHA results?
  It is difficult to have validation and verification of the PTHA results, since it is different to a scenario-based tsunami modelling where any evidence based on a tsunami event may available, particularly in the inundation depth. However we try to judge the uncertainties of the results based on PTHA Manual by Thio (2012). A crucial aspect of a probabilistic hazard analysis is the incorporation of uncertainties in both the source and propagation models into the final outcome. There are two types of uncertainties: aleatory and epistemic. These uncertainties belong to frequency and degree of belief approaches to probability respectively. Line 195-211 in the newest version of the paper explain the process.
  2. Although the study acknowledges the uncertainties associated with tsunami hazard modeling, it would be beneficial to include a more in-depth discussion on uncertainty quantification and its implications for decision-making. How were the uncertainties in earthquake parameters, sub-segments size, bathymetry data, and coastal morphology accounted for in the analysis, and how do they impact the reliability of the hazard estimates?
  We try to judge the uncertainties of the results based on PTHA Manual by Thio (2012). The same as the answer for point 1. Please also refer to Line 195-211 in the newest version of the paper.
  
  3. The article highlights the vulnerability of sloping coastal areas in Batukaras Village to tsunami hazards. However, a deeper discussion on the specific factors contributing to coastal vulnerability, such as coastline shape, population density, and land use, would provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of tsunamis on the local community.
  Apart from the sloping coastal factor, the vulnerability of the Batukaras coast to tsunamis is also influenced by the social aspect, where the population in this village is quite dense, reaching 393 inhabitants/km2. Apart from being crowded with residents, the Batukaras coast is also a famous tourist attraction for foreign tourists. This contributes to the vulnerability of the Batukaras coast to tsunami disasters. The coastal area is also vulnerable from an economic perspective, because this coast is dominated by lodging, restaurants, and also agricultural land and plantations, which contribute to the village's regional income. The large amount of land that may be affected by the tsunami could cause significant economic losses for the surrounding community. The results of this PTHA modelling can be a reference in making disaster mitigation strategies and scenarios in Batukaras Village, especially for sloping beach areas. This is also considering that Batukaras Village is one of the tourist villages that is visited by many local and foreign tourists. (Line 307 - 316)
  
  4.The results of the PTHA analysis are presented effectively through hazard curves, deaggregation maps, and probability assessments. However, in Figure 8, I suggest to add 95% confidence to present a more comprehensive tsunami height?
  The request to include 95% of confidence level has been elaborated in Fig. 6 and Fig. 8 of the newest version of our paper.
  
  5. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of disaster mitigation strategies in Batukaras Village. It would be valuable to suggest potential avenues for future research to address knowledge gaps and improve the effectiveness of mitigation efforts. Are there any specific areas of research or data collection that the authors recommend to further enhance understanding of tsunami hazards and vulnerability in Batukaras Village?
  The results of this study can be used as a reference to conduct further research to calculate economic losses from buildings, land use, and other economic factors from tsunami disasters. In mitigation activities, the results of this research can be used to support the assessment components in preparing Batukaras village to become a tsunami ready village published by IOC-UNESCO considering that Batukaras Village is currently in the recognition process. (Line 318-321)
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2860', Anonymous Referee #2, 25 Mar 2024

Based on the Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA), this article has presented the complete analysis of tsunami hazard through the numerical modeling of Green's function using COMCOT. This study is focused on the evaluations of seismic factors. The analyzed process of this study is standards and results are reasonable. Only limited print errors and extended discussions are suggested. The revision is considered as minor revision.
1. The study area is a single small village, and for paths from all distant tsunami sources, each analysis point can be considered the same. The main reason for the differences in tsunami hazard curves is the bathymetry near each coastal station and the wave propagation directions of incidence from each tsunami source. This study uses a large amount of computational resources to simulate tsunami propagation, for the reason of tsunami Green's function computed, in the future, it may be possible to simplify the analysis and got the similar result.
2. Based on the analysis results of this study, it is useful to provide a suggestion for the plan of Tsunami Hazard mitigation in Batukaras Village.
3. Printed errors:
Line 41: only medium-sized earthquakes (Mw<8). Mw 8 is a medium-sized earthquake?
Line 120: In this study he random slips are initially calculated, he as the.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-RC2
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Wiwin Windupranata, 06 May 2024
  
  Thank you for your comments and reviews. We already elaborate all your suggestions and comments in the newest version of our paper.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-AC2
- AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Wiwin Windupranata, 11 Jun 2024
  
  Based on the Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (PTHA), this article has presented the complete analysis of tsunami hazard through the numerical modeling of Green's function using COMCOT. This study is focused on the evaluations of seismic factors. The analyzed process of this study is standards and results are reasonable. Only limited print errors and extended discussions are suggested. The revision is considered as minor revision.
  
  1. The study area is a single small village, and for paths from all distant tsunami sources, each analysis point can be considered the same. The main reason for the differences in tsunami hazard curves is the bathymetry near each coastal station and the wave propagation directions of incidence from each tsunami source. This study uses a large amount of computational resources to simulate tsunami propagation, for the reason of tsunami Green's function computed, in the future, it may be possible to simplify the analysis and got the similar result.
  Thank you for your comments, yes we only study on a small village but the tsunami sources come from different megathrust segments along the southern coast of Java Island. Later on the result can be implemented as well for a large area. Related to analysis we try to have as much as possible interpretation from the simulation results, therefore we used a large amount of computational resources.
  
  2. Based on the analysis results of this study, it is useful to provide a suggestion for the plan of Tsunami Hazard mitigation in Batukaras Village.
  It is already included in the new version of the paper in Line 318-321. The results of this study can be used as a reference to conduct further research to calculate economic losses from buildings, land use, and other economic factors from tsunami disasters. In mitigation activities, the results of this research can be used to support the assessment components in preparing Batukaras village to become a tsunami ready village published by IOC-UNESCO considering that Batukaras Village is currently in the recognition process.
  3. Printed errors:
  
  Line 41: only medium-sized earthquakes (Mw<8). Mw 8 is a medium-sized earthquake?
  
  We have removed the term medium sized, we used the following sentence instead.
  
  This condition is reinforced by the fact that no major earthquakes have occurred in the past few years; only earthquakes of magnitude below Mw<8 have occurred in the past 100 years (Supendi et al., 2023).
  Line 120: In this study the random slips are initially calculated, he as the.
  
  It is corrected already, thank you.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2860-AC3

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload

ED: Reconsider after major revisions (further review by editor and referees) (15 May 2024) by Marvin Ravan

AR by Wiwin Windupranata on behalf of the Authors (11 Jun 2024) Author's response Author's tracked changes

EF by Lorena Grabowski (18 Jun 2024) Manuscript

ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (04 Jul 2024) by Marvin Ravan

RR by Anonymous Referee #1 (25 Jul 2024)

RR by Anonymous Referee #2 (30 Aug 2024)

Suggestions for revision or reasons for rejection

This article proposed an important issue of tsunami hazard analysis using the PTHA. It provided a complete scope of this issue in abstract and early sections of introduction. The analysis and conclusions this study should be great contribution to support the assessment component to make Batukaras village a tsunami ready village issued by IOC-UNESCO. However, read this article in depth, this article lacks comprehensive information on how the analysis was conducted and the conclusions were reached. It is difficult to evaluate the origin and validity of the methods used based on the content of the methodology and analysis sections. This should be the responsibility of the author to provide. Authors should carefully review and explain the basis of the analysis methods and provide the test results. Authors should check the consistency of text in the typing, figure information and references.

The following are examples of my checking:
1. Line 23: knowledgeof ==> knowledge of
2. Lost Figure 1 in the text.
Line 85: In this tsunami modelling, two types of model domains are formed, namely domain 1 and domain 2. Domain 1 is a large area 85 covering the study area, namely Batukaras Village and the megathrust segment (Figure 1). Need provide the map coordinates of Figure 1 in (a) and (b).
3. Lost Figure 3 in the text.
Line 100: The locations of these observation points are spread along the coastline in Batukaras Village (Figure 3).
4. Figure 5: Please give the Quantitative definition of the blue line in text. (need modify the text from line 150-154)
5. Need to provide some messages of the procedure of the Deaggregation of earthquake hazards in the begining of section 3.3
6. Figure 10, not only percentages of each segment but the exact values can be provided.
7. In Figure 10, what is the message of the '+' symbol in Bali segment?
8. Lost Figure 11 in the text.
9. Line 285: These probability values can be seen in Figure 10. (or Figure 11?)
10. Lost References Thio et al., 2007; Thio, 2012
11. Line 160, The values of a and b in PTHA ...
Not information about the meaning of a and b in PTHA ?
12. Provide the coordinate of lat. and lon. in maps of Figure 1 (a) and (b).

Hide

ED: Reconsider after major revisions (further review by editor and referees) (04 Sep 2024) by Marvin Ravan

AR by Wiwin Windupranata on behalf of the Authors (09 Oct 2024) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (31 Oct 2024) by Marvin Ravan

RR by Anonymous Referee #2 (16 Nov 2024)

RR by Anonymous Referee #1 (21 Nov 2024)

ED: Publish as is (06 Dec 2024) by Marvin Ravan

ED: Publish as is (17 Dec 2024) by Uwe Ulbrich (Executive editor)

AR by Wiwin Windupranata on behalf of the Authors (28 Dec 2024) Author's response Manuscript

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

11 Mar 2025

Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis of Batukaras, a tourism village in Indonesia

Wiwin Windupranata, Muhammad Wahyu Al Ghifari, Candida Aulia De Silva Nusantara, Marsyanisa Shafa, Intan Hayatiningsih, Iyan Eka Mulia, and Alqinthara Nuraghnia

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 1057–1069, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1057-2025,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-1057-2025, 2025

Short summary

Wiwin Windupranata, Muhammad Wahyu Al Ghifari, Candida Aulia De Silva Nusantara, Marsyanisa Shafa, Intan Hayatiningsih, Iyan Eka Mulia, and Alqinthara Nuraghnia

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Short summary

Batukaras Village is a village on the southern coast of Java Island which is prone to tsunami hazards. To assess the potential tsunami hazard in the area, PTHA method was employed. It resulted in tsunami heights of 0.84 m, 1.63 m, 2.97 m, and 5.7 m for each earthquake return period of 250 years, 500 years, 1000 years, and 2500 years, respectively. The largest contribution of earthquake sources comes from the West Java-Central Java megathrust segment.


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