Measurement Report: Effects of transition metal ions on the optical properties of humic-like substances revealing structural preference&nbsp;

Qin, Juanjuan; Zhang, Leiming; Qin, Yuanyuan; Shi, Shaoxuan; Li, Jingnan; Shu, Zhao; Gao, Yuwei; Qi, Ting; Tan, Jihua; Wang, Xinming

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2632

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https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2632

Preprints

05 Jan 2024

| 05 Jan 2024

Measurement Report: Effects of transition metal ions on the optical properties of humic-like substances revealing structural preference

Juanjuan Qin, Leiming Zhang, Yuanyuan Qin, Shaoxuan Shi, Jingnan Li, Zhao Shu, Yuwei Gao, Ting Qi, Jihua Tan, and Xinming Wang

Abstract. Humic-like substances (HULIS) are complex macromolecules in water-soluble organic compounds containing multiple functional groups, and transition metal ions (TMs) are ubiquitous in atmospheric particles. In this study, potential physical and chemical interactions between HULIS and four TM species including Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺ were analyzed by optical method under acidic, weakly acidic and neutral conditions. The results showed that Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺, andZn²⁺ only slightly enhanced mass absorption efficiency (MAE₃₆₅) of HULIS in winter, and had indiscernible effects on absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) of HULIS in both seasons under all acidity conditions. All four TMs had fluorescence quenching effects on winter HULIS, and only Cu²⁺ had similar effects on summer HULIS, with the highest quenching coefficients found under weakly acidic condition in both seasons. The ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra revealed that Cu²⁺ mainly bound with aromatic species and tightened the molecule structures of HULIS. The parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) results extracted four components of HULIS, including low-oxidized humic-like substances (C1), N-containing compounds (C2), highly-oxidized humic-like substances (C3), and the mixing residentials (C4), from the fluorescence spectra in both winter and summer. The divergent variations of HULIS spectral components with Cu²⁺ additions under three acidity conditions indicated that electron-donating groups of HULIS mainly corresponded to C1 and C3, with Cu²⁺ binding with HULIS by replacing proton, while electron-withdrawing groups of HULIS could correspond to C2, with its connection with Cu²⁺ through electrostatic adsorption or colliding induced energy transfer.

Received: 07 Nov 2023 – Discussion started: 05 Jan 2024

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Juanjuan Qin, Leiming Zhang, Yuanyuan Qin, Shaoxuan Shi, Jingnan Li, Zhao Shu, Yuwei Gao, Ting Qi, Jihua Tan, and Xinming Wang

Status: final response (author comments only)

RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2632', Anonymous Referee #1, 15 Feb 2024

General comments:

The measurement report titled “Effects of transition metal ions on the optical properties of humic-like substances revealing structural preference” focusing on the relationship between atmospheric organic macromolecule HULIS and transition metal ions, who both play substantial roles in the physical and chemical properties of aerosol particle. The authors found that Cu2+ showed exceptional effects on the optical properties of HULIS, while other metal ions not. They further researched the connection mechanism of Cu2+ and HULIS, and established the relationship between structure characteristics and spectral phenomenon of HULIS, as well as the structural preference of Cu2+ when collide with HULIS. The work is well designed and executed by reliable methodologies and thorough data analysis. I recommend its publication on ACP after considering the following minor issues.
1. Lines 20-21: Why is the fourth component named as “mixing residentials” ?

2. Lines 21-25: The subject's adjective phrase is overly extensive in this sentence, compromising the clarity and conciseness of the sentence.

3. Line 31: The transitional word “Besides” seems inappropriate here, because the health effect had already mentioned in the beginning.

4. Line 34-26: some references should be cited here to explain the HULIS composition and its environmental effect.

Such as: Seasonal and diurnal variation of PM2.5 HULIS over Xi'an in Northwest China: Optical properties, chemical functional group, and relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Atmospheric Environment, 2022, 268, 118782.

Optical properties, chemical functional group, and oxidative activity of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matter in PM2.5 from biomass and coal combustion in rural areas in Northwest China. Atmospheric Environment, 2022, 283, 119179.

Optical properties, molecular characterizations, and oxidative potentials of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matters in winter PM2.5 in six China's megacities. Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 853, 158600.

5. Lines 45-46: Is it a repeat statement that TMs can affect the light absorption properties of HULIS？when lines 40-42 had firstly emphasized that TMs could mediate the formation of light absorbing SOA.

6. Line 95: How can 5 mg HULIS sample be dissolved into 1 mg D2O solution?

7. Line 138: An extra line break here.

8. Line 172: The phrase of “the addition of a small amount of any of the four TMs” is excessive redundant.

9. Lines 178-179: The sentence is hard to read.

10. Line 185: Ambiguous description of “their complexes don’t have structural effects on HULIS.”, please clarify it.

11. Line 231: An extra line break here.

12. Lines 333-334: It is controversial only use “signal” in “TMs either enhance or attenuate the signal”, because “spectral indices” could be part of “signal”, I believe the author tends to say “signal strength” here.

13. Lines 337-340: The sentence is too long with many comma, it’s better to use proper punctuation marks, and make it easier to comprehend.

14. Lines 342-348: In the last paragraph, long descriptions about co-effect of TMs and HULIS on ROS generation, with a short sentence mentioned the implication of this research is somewhat a disappointing end, the authors may add some more specific implications.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2632-RC1
- AC1:
  'Reply on RC1', Jihua Tan, 21 Feb 2024
  Dear reviewer:
  Thank you very much for your recommendation of our manuscript “Measurement Report: Effects of transition metal ions on the optical properties of humic-like substances revealing structural preference”. It is very kind of you to give comprehensive and thoughtful advises on the present research. We have carefully addressed all of the comments and explained them as following paragraphs. We have modified the language though out the article as well. Thank you again.
  
  For Specific Comments:
  Lines 20-21: Why is the fourth component named as “mixing residentials” ?
  
  Thank you for your question. We have checked the context and renamed the component as “mixing residuals” in the manuscript. They now read as follows.
  Lines 19-21: The parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) results extracted four components of HULIS, including low-oxidized humic-like substances (C1), N-containing compounds (C2), highly-oxidized humic-like substances (C3), and the mixing residuals (C4), from the fluorescence spectra in both winter and summer.
  Lines 229-231: they were characterized as low-oxidized humic-like substances (C1), N-containing compounds (C2), highly-oxidized humic-like substances (C3), and the mixing residuals (C4), respectively (Chen et al., 2016).
  Lines 21-25: The subject's adjective phrase is overly extensive in this sentence, compromising the clarity and conciseness of the sentence.
  
  Sorry for the unconcise description. We have rewritten the sentence as follows.
  Lines 21-24: The spectral characteristic of HULIS with Cu²⁺ additions under three acidity conditions indicated that electron-donating groups of HULIS mainly corresponded to C1 and C3, with Cu²⁺ binding with HULIS by replacing proton, while electron-withdrawing groups of HULIS could correspond to C2, with its connection with Cu²⁺ through electrostatic adsorption or colliding induced energy transfer.
  Line 31: The transitional word “Besides” seems inappropriate here, because the health effect had already mentioned in the beginning.
  
  Thank you for your advice. The word “Besides” have been deleted in the context.
  Lines 30-33: HULIS and many TMs, like Fe, Cu, Mn, V, Cr, and Co, have negative impacts on human health since they can promote the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause inflammatory response of human respiratory system (Verma et al., 2012; Gali et al., 2015; Lin and Yu 2019).
  Line 34-26: some references should be cited here to explain the HULIS composition and its environmental effect.
  
  Such as: Seasonal and diurnal variation of PM2.5 HULIS over Xi'an in Northwest China: Optical properties, chemical functional group, and relationship with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Atmospheric Environment, 2022, 268, 118782.
  Optical properties, chemical functional group, and oxidative activity of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matter in PM2.5 from biomass and coal combustion in rural areas in Northwest China. Atmospheric Environment, 2022, 283, 119179.
  Optical properties, molecular characterizations, and oxidative potentials of different polarity levels of water-soluble organic matters in winter PM2.5 in six China's megacities. Science of The Total Environment, 2022, 853, 158600.
  Thank you for your advice. The references are cited in the corresponding places.
  Lines 30-35: HULIS and many TMs, like Fe, Cu, Mn, V, Cr, and Co, have negative impacts on human health since they can promote the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause inflammatory response of human respiratory system (Verma et al., 2012; Gali et al., 2015; Lin and Yu 2019; Zhang et al., 2022a). HULIS are known as a mixture of macromolecular organic compounds, containing aromatics and aliphatic species with multiple oxygenated functional groups like carbonyls, hydroxyl, nitrate, and nitroxy-organosulfate (Win et al., 2018; Huang et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2022b). TMs can transfer electrons and participate in chemical reactions or serve as catalyst, especially in atmospheric photochemistry (Mao et al., 2013; Guasco et al., 2014).
  Lines 45-46: Is it a repeat statement that TMs can affect the light absorption properties of HULIS？when lines 40-42 had firstly emphasized that TMs could mediate the formation of light absorbing SOA.
  
  Thank you for your question. We intend to emphasize that the light absorption properties of HULIS may change directly when exposed to TMs solution. We have modified the sentence as follows.
  Lines 44-45: Moreover, TMs can also bind with HULIS and directly affect the light absorption properties of HULIS (Fan et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021).
  Line 95: How can 5 mg HULIS sample be dissolved into 1 mg D2O solution?
  
  Sorry for the mistake. It should be 1 mL D₂O solution here, we have corrected it in the context.
  Line 94: About 5 mg HULIS samples were redissolved into 1 mL D₂O for detection.
  Line 138: An extra line break here.
  
  Sorry for the mistake. We have modified the mistake and checked through the whole manuscript.
  Line 172: The phrase of “the addition of a small amount of any of the four TMs” is excessive redundant.
  
  Thank you for your advice. We have shortened the phrase to make it concise.
  Line 171: a small amount of any TMs (0–50 μM) could induce evident increase of MAE₃₆₅ at a range of 16% to 20%
  Lines 178-179: The sentence is hard to read.
  
  Sorry for the unconcise description. We have rewritten the sentence as follows.
  Lines 178-179: An exception was observed for Ni²⁺ because of its self-absorption between 350–400 nm, leading to the continuously reducing of AAE_300–400nm with increasing [Ni²⁺].
  Line 185: Ambiguous description of “their complexes don’t have structural effects on HULIS.”, please clarify it.
  
  Sorry for the unconcise description. We have rewritten the sentence as follows.
  Lines 183-184: the TMs-HULIS mixtures might not compose complexations or their complexes exhibited no structural difference.
  Line 231: An extra line break here.
  
  Sorry for the mistake. We have modified the mistake and checked through the whole manuscript.
  Lines 333-334: It is controversial only use “signal” in “TMs either enhance or attenuate the signal”, because “spectral indices” could be part of “signal”, I believe the author tends to say “signal strength” here.
  
  Thank you for your advice. We have corrected the words as suggested.
  Lines 330-331: TMs either enhance or attenuate the signal strength, contingent on the metal species, but with negligible impact on the spectral indices.
  Lines 337-340: The sentence is too long with many comma, it’s better to use proper punctuation marks, and make it easier to comprehend.
  
  Thank you for your advice. We have tried our best to make the language terse, but it still needs many words to draw a relative precises conclusion, thus, we added “:” to break the sentence, and make it friendly to read.
  Lines 334-337: The distinct tendencies of PARAFAC-separated fluorophores with increasing Cu²⁺under three acidity conditions indicated that electron-donating groups might correspond to low and highly oxidized humic-like substances, and Cu²⁺ coupled with HULIS by substituting H atom; while electron-withdraw groups were N-containing species or protein-like species, with their fluorescence quenching likely caused by electrostatic adsorption or colliding induced energy transfer.
  Lines 342-348: In the last paragraph, long descriptions about co-effect of TMs and HULIS on ROS generation, with a short sentence mentioned the implication of this research is somewhat a disappointing end, the authors may add some more specific implications.
  
  Thank you for your advice. Because HULIS and TMs are both well-known ROS generative species, we intended to set connections between present research and former research on ROS. We have reorganized the last paragraph as follows.
  Lines 338-345: Results from this study not only revealed that the complexations of HULIS and TMs could be fragile, but also connected the fluorescence spectra of HULIS with structural characterizations through the micro-effects of TMs on HULIS. HULIS and TMs are both well-known ROS generative species, and the combined effects of HULIS and TMs on ROS generation can be synergistic or antagonistic depending on the TMs species. The ROS generation abilities of TMs and HULIS are essentially determined by their physical and chemical properties and interactions, the complexation, electrostatic adsorption, and colliding induced energy transfer processes could enhance or prohibit ROS generation and resulted to synergistic or antagonistic effect. Our results could provide some perception from chemical analysis perspective on interactions between HULIS and TMs, however, the exact reaction mechanisms still require further research.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2632-AC1
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-2632', Anonymous Referee #2, 16 Mar 2024

Review Comments: This manuscript gives insights into light absorbing properties of HULIS

with different transition metals at various acidity. The manuscript provides better

understanding on light absorption properties of aerosols. The manuscript will be acceptable

after addressing below comments. Below provided here some suggestions that improve the

readability and presentation of scientific content in the manuscript.

1. Why only four transition metals were considered for the study? Since the objective is

to have better understanding of atmospheric processes of transition metals with HULIS.

So, why Fe+3 was not considered in this study? As Fe+3 is involved in the Fenton’s

reaction and it is one of major reaction known to take place in atmosphere. Then for

health risk, Why Cr+6 was not considered?

2. The authors give details of the sample collected. Since it is written that samples were

collected in winter and summer month. But, did the sample collected covers the whole

variation of the seasons or this is only few days sample collection? Please provide

details.

3. Firstly, what is the HULIS spectral reproducibility? Add few sentences on uncertainty

in the measurements.

4. In the current research, 200-500 nm used to calculate AAE values. Will it make a

difference if you choose a high wavelength range to calculate AAE vales? Different

groups used different wavelength ranges used to calculate AAE values. Please add the

wavelength range used in different studies in the main manuscript.

5. The authors have concluded that Cu2+ will have strong influence on HULIS optical

properties. But they have not exactly concluded the light absorption properties of

HULIS in presence of Cu2+ under different acidic conditions. Please elaborate on this.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2632-RC2
- AC2:
  'Reply on RC2', Jihua Tan, 25 Mar 2024
  Dear reviewer:
  We are very grateful for your careful review and insightful comments and suggestions, which have greatly helped to improve the quality and readability of our manuscript. We have addressed all of your concerns and made specific changes to the manuscript as follows.
  Why only four transition metals were considered for the study? Since the objective is to have better understanding of atmospheric processes of transition metals with HULIS. So, why Fe⁺³ was not considered in this study? As Fe⁺³ is involved in the Fenton’s reaction and it is one of major reaction known to take place in atmosphere. Then for health risk, Why Cr⁺⁶ was not considered?
  
  Thank you very much for your insightful comments and questions. We agree that it would be ideal if including some more additional heavy metal species, but limited by the sample amount (it requires a lot PM_2.5filter samples to extract HULIS), only four transition metals were selected.
  Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Ni²⁺ were chosen because of their prevalence in atmospheric environment or significant health risks. Fe⁺³ has been reported to be ROS-generative and photoactive, and the Fe³⁺ chemistry is complex and important that deserves to carry out a separate experiment, thus it is considered in our future research.
  Cr⁶⁺ was not considered because our previous research and recent research on the pollution profile of trace metals in Beijing PM_2.5 found that Zn, Mn, and Cu were relatively abundant, and Ni posed the highest health risk, so that we choose them as representative metal ions (Zhou et al., 2017; Lei et al., 2021, Hua et al., 2024).
  References:
  Zhou X, Zeng N, Li Y et al. Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Heavy Metals in Fine Particles in Beijing in 2011-2012. Environmental Science (China). 2017, 38: 4054-4060.
  Hua C, Ma W, Zheng F, et al. Health risks and sources of trace elements and black carbon in PM2.5 from 2019 to 2021 in Beijing. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2024, 142: 69-82.
  Lei W, Zhang L, Xu J, et al. Spatiotemporal variations and source apportionment of metals in atmospheric particulate matter in Beijing and its surrounding areas. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2021, 12: 101213.
  
  The authors give details of the sample collected. Since it is written that samples were collected in winter and summer month. But, did the sample collected covers the whole variation of the seasons or this is only few days sample collection? Please provide details.
  
  Thank you very much for your question. The PM_2.5 samples were collected over a one-month period each during the winter and summer seasons, and HULIS were subsequently isolated from a combination of 30 mixed samples. We have added some additional information in section 2.1 to provide a more detailed description, they are shown as follows.
  Lines 57-59: In the present research, two concentrated HULIS solutions were extracted from PM_2.5 samples collected in a winter and summer month (30 samples in each season) in Beijing, and the detailed sample information can be found elsewhere (Qin et al., 2022).
  
  Firstly, what is the HULIS spectral reproducibility? Add few sentences on uncertainty in the measurements.
  
  Thank you very much for your question. The UV-Vis and fluorescence measurements in this research exhibit excellent spectral reproducibility and low uncertainties. We have added details regarding these aspects in the Methods section. They are read as follows in the manuscript.
  Lines 90-92: The limit of detection for UV-Vis and fluorescence analysis were estimated as 2 times of their respective standard deviation of blanks, which were 0.005 and 0.01 absorption unit, respectively.
  
  In the current research, 200-500 nm used to calculate AAE values. Will it make a difference if you choose a high wavelength range to calculate AAE vales? Different groups used different wavelength ranges used to calculate AAE values. Please add the wavelength range used in different studies in the main manuscript.
  
  Thank you very much for your suggestions. Sorry that some of our descriptions are not prominent enough in the manuscript. We used the wavelength range of 300-400 nm to calculate AAE_300-400, which were commonly used range in previous research, the calculation was in section 2.3.1 (Lines 102-106). We also added some relating references in the context. They are now read as follows.
  Line 104-108:
  Where A_λ is light absorbance at wavelength λ, C_species is the chemical concentration of organic compounds (WSOC and HULIS in the present research), L is the light path length (1 cm), K is a scaling constant, and the fitting wavelength of AAE is 300–400 nm.
  Lines 141-146: The MAE and AAE of HULIS under three acidity levels in both seasons were consistent with those reported in our previous research, with the average MAE₃₆₅at 0.011±0.00 in winter and 0.005±0.001 in summer, and the corresponding average AAE_300–400nm at 6.46±0.86 and 6.97± 0.83, respectively (Qin et al., 2022), which were comparable with those of Gosan Korea (Kirillova et al., 2014), Hongkong China (Ma et al., 2019), and Tibet China (Wu et al., 2019), but lower than those of biomass burning sources (Park et al., 2016).
  The authors have concluded that Cu2+ will have strong influence on HULIS optical properties. But they have not exactly concluded the light absorption properties of HULIS in presence of Cu2+ under different acidic conditions. Please elaborate on this.
  
  Thank you very much for your suggestion. We have carefully reviewed the conclusion section of our manuscript and agree with your assessment that it was lacking information about the effect of Cu²⁺ under different pH conditions. We have now added the following text to the conclusion.
  Lines 342-343: Cu²⁺ could promote light absorption ability of HULIS at weakly acidic to neutral environment, but the effect was negligible under acidic environment.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2632-AC2

Juanjuan Qin, Leiming Zhang, Yuanyuan Qin, Shaoxuan Shi, Jingnan Li, Zhao Shu, Yuwei Gao, Ting Qi, Jihua Tan, and Xinming Wang

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https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2632-supplement

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Data for manuscript Measurement Report: Effects of transition metal ions on the optical properties of humic-like substances revealing structural preference Juanjuan Qin https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10460562

Juanjuan Qin, Leiming Zhang, Yuanyuan Qin, Shaoxuan Shi, Jingnan Li, Zhao Shu, Yuwei Gao, Ting Qi, Jihua Tan, and Xinming Wang

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Short summary

The present research unveiled that acidity dominants, while transition metal ions harmonize, the light absorption properties of HULIS. Cu²⁺ has obvious quenching effects on HULIS by complexation, hydrogen substitution, or electrostatic adsorption with aromatic structures of HULIS. Such effects are less pronounced from Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Zn²⁺; Cu²⁺. Oxidized HULIS might contain electron-donating groups, whereas N-containing compounds might contain electron-withdrawing groups.


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