the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 17 Apr 2023
Anthropogenic activities significantly increase annual greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from temperate headwater streams in Germany
Abstract. Anthropogenic activities increase the contributions of inland waters to global greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, CH4, and N2O) budgets, yet the mechanisms driving these increases are still not well constrained. In this study, we quantified year-long GHG concentrations and fluxes, as well as water physico-chemical variables from 23 streams, 3 ditches, and 2 wastewater inflow sites across five headwater catchments in Germany contrasted by land use. Using mixed-effects models, we determined the overall impact of land use and seasonality on the intra-annual variabilities of these parameters. We found that land use was more significant than seasonality in controlling the intra-annual variability of GHG concentrations and fluxes. Agricultural land use and wastewater inflows in settlement areas resulted in up to 10 times higher daily riverine CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions than forested areas, as substrate inputs by these sources appeared to favor in situ GHG production processes. Dissolved GHG inputs directly from agricultural runoff and waste-water inputs also contributed substantially to the annual emissions from these sites. Drainage ditches were hotspots for CO2 and CH4 fluxes due to high dissolved organic matter concentrations, which appeared to favor in situ production via respiration and methanogensis. Overall, the annual emission from anthropogenic-influenced streams in CO2-equivalents was up to 20 times higher (~71 kg CO2 m-2 yr-1) than from natural streams (~3 kg CO2 m-2 yr-1). Future studies aiming to estimate the contribution of lotic ecosystems to GHG emissions should therefore focus on anthropogenically perturbed streams, as their GHG emission are much more variable in space and time.
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Notice on discussion status
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Preprint
(3564 KB)
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
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- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-683', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 May 2023
This manuscript presents a year-long dataset of GHG concentrations and fluxes from 5 headwater catchments in Germany from streams, agricultural ditches, and WWTP outflows. It identifies controls on GHG dynamics using mixed-effects models and structural equation models. In addition, it upscales flux rates to calculate annual emissions in terms of global warming potential. The main finding, that anthropogenically impacted streams have higher and more variable GHG concentrations and fluxes, was well supported. Overall, the manuscript presents results that will be an important contribution to our understanding of GHG emissions from inland waters and I find the analysis and results novel and worthy of publication.
I have a few suggestions, although they mostly minor and easy to address.
Abstract:
-I don’t think that the analysis backs up the statements about separating in situ production of GHGs and direct inputs of GHGs (e.g., ln 27-28, 30-31). These statements should be removed or rephrased.
-I think the authors should more clearly state that anthropogenically impacted streams have not only higher, but also *more variable* GHG emissions than natural streams in the abstract. (i.e., give some sort of variability stats)
-I would consider mentioning some of the other main findings in the abstract (if possible within word count limits): 1) the break down of the expected stream-order patterns in impacted sites and 2) the finding that CO2 is the dominant contributor in terms of global warming potential
Methods:
-I don’t see temperature/seasonality or NH4 in the SEM results, even though these parameters are listed as input variables. Were they found insignificant and dropped? Please clarify.
Results:
F2. Consider using colors to represent major land-use classifications and shades to differentiate the sub-classifications. For example, crop, crop + settlement, and crop + settlement + WW inflow could be given different shades of the same color. Also, yellow is somewhat difficult to see on all these plots.
I don’t have the background to fully assess how the SEM analysis was applied but it seems to make sense and F5 is great.
I find the conclusion that typical stream order patterns break down in anthropogenically impacted streams interesting (L573-584). However, I don’t see the data presented in the results section. Please include it here (and perhaps add to the abstract as well).
Discussion:
Consider discussing the result that CO2 was the main contributor when emissions of all three gases are converted to CO2 equivalences (F6). I found this result to be interesting and perhaps it deserves more attention in the manuscript.
Conclusion:
L620 - It seems like CH4 is also higher in the anthropogenically impacted sites?
Minor:
L40 – “contributors to global greenhouse gas budgets” or “contributors of greenhouse gases”
L41 – Li et al., 2021 citation only refers to headwater streams
L52 – “in situ N2O production”
L70 – “where”
L260 – “May 31”
L369 – consider using uatm for N2O, instead of natm, as it is more commonly used
L375-376 - It looks like negative fluxes are actually presented in F3.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-683-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
Dear Reviewer,
Thank you for the constructive feedback and suggestions for improving our manuscript. Kindly find attached a pdf supplement with your suggestions for improvement and our responses. The changes made in the manuscript are added in blue text.
Best wishes,
Ralf Kiese (On behalf of all co-authors)
- AC3: 'Reply on AC1', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-683', Anonymous Referee #2, 24 Jun 2023
In general, this is a very nice study design and thorough sampling and analysis. I do not see any issues in that regard. While most comments are minor, it does seem that the introduction and discussion sections have received less attention, and are currently quite superficial in some sections, and overlook or mix up some concepts/terminology. So while I like this study overall, my comments below highlight the need for the authors to dig a bit deeper in their framing and interpretation of the work relative to other work in the field. I support this paper being published if the authors can fix these issues.
General comments:
Issue with lateral inputs in introduction: Up to line 62, nowhere in the paper to this point is lateral transfer of GHGs mentioned. It is especially important for CO2 in headwater systems, but in the drainage ditches, the GHG production in the wetlands themselves must be a huge fraction of the emisisons budget, no? The introduction needs to more thoroughly reflect this aspect of mechanistic control.The overview pgph in the intro line 75 and on is pretty thin on mechanistic insight. Please integrate lateral inputs of GHG more carefully, aside from one sentence, it is all about internal production. How do storms and seasonal changes in hydrology alter the balance between catchment CO2 loading and internal production?
Discussion section 4.3: This section should be expanded. We need a more thorough numerical comparison with other studies. There needs to be a conclusion, what is special or new about your study compared to those papers? Anything unique here? What can you say overall about the land use sites vs non? I think that more work needs to be done in this section to take what is a very nice dataset and analysis, and actually make it impactful in terms of the insights that you are providing the community.
Line by Line comments:
L 29-31 - is it in situ, or is the ditch draining a landscape that has a lot of GHG production? This would be adjacent source, not in situ in the ditch.
L33-34 - but natural systems make up a huge fraction of the total global stream area, so if your goal is to simply scale the contribution of streams, then your reasoning is not accurate. I'd refocus the implications here and say something more generalizable about why emissions research in these impacted rivers are important.
L37 – In this figure, No indirect effects on GHG in this diagram in anthropogenic domain. Nutrients, hydrology, etc will also modify emisisons patterns indirectly.
L43 - photochemical DOM processing too.
L48 – conclusion sentence needed.
L58 – compared
L69 – numerical context needed.
L70 – in rivers linked to land use, or direct land use emissions? Be specific here.
L64-74 - here, integrating the important discussion points from key articles would strengthen your introduction. I list a few but there are also more:
Park JH, Nayna OK, Begum MS, Chea E, Hartmann J, Keil RG, Kumar S, Lu X, Ran L, Richey JE, Sarma VV. Reviews and syntheses: Anthropogenic perturbations to carbon fluxes in Asian river systems–concepts, emerging trends, and research challenges. Biogeosciences. 2018 May 17;15(9):3049-69.Begum MS, Bogard MJ, Butman DE, Chea E, Kumar S, Lu X, Nayna OK, Ran L, Richey JE, Tareq SM, Xuan DT. Localized pollution impacts on greenhouse gas dynamics in three anthropogenically modified Asian river systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2021 May;126(5):e2020JG006124.
L72 – constrained
L74 – through this part of the intro, this terminology or contrasting of urbanization and land use is confusing. Do you mean point- and non-point pollution impacts? Or by land use do you mean agricultural land use specifically? Please clarify.
L89 - this point could be reworded. It is essentially saying that low sampling frequency does not capture short term variability in GHG cycling. This is obvious, so could you take this line of thinking a step further?
L91 (and more general) - this statement is not exactly defensible. People have been measuring stream GHG patterns for decades. Note that the oldest reference cited here is 2018. A deeper exploration of the literature here would be needed to pinpoint more specific unknowns about riverine emission patterns. At the same time, much of the issues in this pgph is already presented in the last one discussing sub-annual patterns. Consider just removing or really going much deeper.
L209 – detail standards used for GC calibration.
L278 - Terminology "end" and "exogenous is misleading throughout, because things like water temperature are within the system, so to me are not exogenous. Why not call them 'substrate' and 'environmental conditions' or something? This comment applies throughout the paper where this framework is used.
L305 – fold
L337 - throughout the water chem and GHG results sections, when something is significant or not, please report the test statistic in the text.
L407 - either mention that the scales are not the same between the 3 columns, or preferably log transform the Y axis and use a consistent scale to facilitate comparisons between catchments.
L460 - the light blue and red numbers and lines are not easy to see, reconfigure the plot to make those darker or something.
L477 – It is
L517 – seasons
L598 - cite the relevant reviews and syntheses hereCitation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-683-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
Dear Reviewer,
Thank you for the constructive feedback and suggestions for improving our manuscript. Kindly find attached a pdf supplement with your suggestions for improvement and our responses. The changes made in the manuscript are added in blue text.
Best wishes,
Ralf Kiese (On behalf of all co-authors)
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-683', Anonymous Referee #1, 23 May 2023
This manuscript presents a year-long dataset of GHG concentrations and fluxes from 5 headwater catchments in Germany from streams, agricultural ditches, and WWTP outflows. It identifies controls on GHG dynamics using mixed-effects models and structural equation models. In addition, it upscales flux rates to calculate annual emissions in terms of global warming potential. The main finding, that anthropogenically impacted streams have higher and more variable GHG concentrations and fluxes, was well supported. Overall, the manuscript presents results that will be an important contribution to our understanding of GHG emissions from inland waters and I find the analysis and results novel and worthy of publication.
I have a few suggestions, although they mostly minor and easy to address.
Abstract:
-I don’t think that the analysis backs up the statements about separating in situ production of GHGs and direct inputs of GHGs (e.g., ln 27-28, 30-31). These statements should be removed or rephrased.
-I think the authors should more clearly state that anthropogenically impacted streams have not only higher, but also *more variable* GHG emissions than natural streams in the abstract. (i.e., give some sort of variability stats)
-I would consider mentioning some of the other main findings in the abstract (if possible within word count limits): 1) the break down of the expected stream-order patterns in impacted sites and 2) the finding that CO2 is the dominant contributor in terms of global warming potential
Methods:
-I don’t see temperature/seasonality or NH4 in the SEM results, even though these parameters are listed as input variables. Were they found insignificant and dropped? Please clarify.
Results:
F2. Consider using colors to represent major land-use classifications and shades to differentiate the sub-classifications. For example, crop, crop + settlement, and crop + settlement + WW inflow could be given different shades of the same color. Also, yellow is somewhat difficult to see on all these plots.
I don’t have the background to fully assess how the SEM analysis was applied but it seems to make sense and F5 is great.
I find the conclusion that typical stream order patterns break down in anthropogenically impacted streams interesting (L573-584). However, I don’t see the data presented in the results section. Please include it here (and perhaps add to the abstract as well).
Discussion:
Consider discussing the result that CO2 was the main contributor when emissions of all three gases are converted to CO2 equivalences (F6). I found this result to be interesting and perhaps it deserves more attention in the manuscript.
Conclusion:
L620 - It seems like CH4 is also higher in the anthropogenically impacted sites?
Minor:
L40 – “contributors to global greenhouse gas budgets” or “contributors of greenhouse gases”
L41 – Li et al., 2021 citation only refers to headwater streams
L52 – “in situ N2O production”
L70 – “where”
L260 – “May 31”
L369 – consider using uatm for N2O, instead of natm, as it is more commonly used
L375-376 - It looks like negative fluxes are actually presented in F3.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-683-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
Dear Reviewer,
Thank you for the constructive feedback and suggestions for improving our manuscript. Kindly find attached a pdf supplement with your suggestions for improvement and our responses. The changes made in the manuscript are added in blue text.
Best wishes,
Ralf Kiese (On behalf of all co-authors)
- AC3: 'Reply on AC1', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-683', Anonymous Referee #2, 24 Jun 2023
In general, this is a very nice study design and thorough sampling and analysis. I do not see any issues in that regard. While most comments are minor, it does seem that the introduction and discussion sections have received less attention, and are currently quite superficial in some sections, and overlook or mix up some concepts/terminology. So while I like this study overall, my comments below highlight the need for the authors to dig a bit deeper in their framing and interpretation of the work relative to other work in the field. I support this paper being published if the authors can fix these issues.
General comments:
Issue with lateral inputs in introduction: Up to line 62, nowhere in the paper to this point is lateral transfer of GHGs mentioned. It is especially important for CO2 in headwater systems, but in the drainage ditches, the GHG production in the wetlands themselves must be a huge fraction of the emisisons budget, no? The introduction needs to more thoroughly reflect this aspect of mechanistic control.The overview pgph in the intro line 75 and on is pretty thin on mechanistic insight. Please integrate lateral inputs of GHG more carefully, aside from one sentence, it is all about internal production. How do storms and seasonal changes in hydrology alter the balance between catchment CO2 loading and internal production?
Discussion section 4.3: This section should be expanded. We need a more thorough numerical comparison with other studies. There needs to be a conclusion, what is special or new about your study compared to those papers? Anything unique here? What can you say overall about the land use sites vs non? I think that more work needs to be done in this section to take what is a very nice dataset and analysis, and actually make it impactful in terms of the insights that you are providing the community.
Line by Line comments:
L 29-31 - is it in situ, or is the ditch draining a landscape that has a lot of GHG production? This would be adjacent source, not in situ in the ditch.
L33-34 - but natural systems make up a huge fraction of the total global stream area, so if your goal is to simply scale the contribution of streams, then your reasoning is not accurate. I'd refocus the implications here and say something more generalizable about why emissions research in these impacted rivers are important.
L37 – In this figure, No indirect effects on GHG in this diagram in anthropogenic domain. Nutrients, hydrology, etc will also modify emisisons patterns indirectly.
L43 - photochemical DOM processing too.
L48 – conclusion sentence needed.
L58 – compared
L69 – numerical context needed.
L70 – in rivers linked to land use, or direct land use emissions? Be specific here.
L64-74 - here, integrating the important discussion points from key articles would strengthen your introduction. I list a few but there are also more:
Park JH, Nayna OK, Begum MS, Chea E, Hartmann J, Keil RG, Kumar S, Lu X, Ran L, Richey JE, Sarma VV. Reviews and syntheses: Anthropogenic perturbations to carbon fluxes in Asian river systems–concepts, emerging trends, and research challenges. Biogeosciences. 2018 May 17;15(9):3049-69.Begum MS, Bogard MJ, Butman DE, Chea E, Kumar S, Lu X, Nayna OK, Ran L, Richey JE, Tareq SM, Xuan DT. Localized pollution impacts on greenhouse gas dynamics in three anthropogenically modified Asian river systems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. 2021 May;126(5):e2020JG006124.
L72 – constrained
L74 – through this part of the intro, this terminology or contrasting of urbanization and land use is confusing. Do you mean point- and non-point pollution impacts? Or by land use do you mean agricultural land use specifically? Please clarify.
L89 - this point could be reworded. It is essentially saying that low sampling frequency does not capture short term variability in GHG cycling. This is obvious, so could you take this line of thinking a step further?
L91 (and more general) - this statement is not exactly defensible. People have been measuring stream GHG patterns for decades. Note that the oldest reference cited here is 2018. A deeper exploration of the literature here would be needed to pinpoint more specific unknowns about riverine emission patterns. At the same time, much of the issues in this pgph is already presented in the last one discussing sub-annual patterns. Consider just removing or really going much deeper.
L209 – detail standards used for GC calibration.
L278 - Terminology "end" and "exogenous is misleading throughout, because things like water temperature are within the system, so to me are not exogenous. Why not call them 'substrate' and 'environmental conditions' or something? This comment applies throughout the paper where this framework is used.
L305 – fold
L337 - throughout the water chem and GHG results sections, when something is significant or not, please report the test statistic in the text.
L407 - either mention that the scales are not the same between the 3 columns, or preferably log transform the Y axis and use a consistent scale to facilitate comparisons between catchments.
L460 - the light blue and red numbers and lines are not easy to see, reconfigure the plot to make those darker or something.
L477 – It is
L517 – seasons
L598 - cite the relevant reviews and syntheses hereCitation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-683-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
Dear Reviewer,
Thank you for the constructive feedback and suggestions for improving our manuscript. Kindly find attached a pdf supplement with your suggestions for improvement and our responses. The changes made in the manuscript are added in blue text.
Best wishes,
Ralf Kiese (On behalf of all co-authors)
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Ralf Kiese, 01 Jul 2023
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Cited
2 citations as recorded by crossref.
- Interactive effects of catchment mean water residence time and agricultural area on water physico-chemical variables and GHG saturations in headwater streams R. Mwanake et al. 10.3389/frwa.2023.1220544
- Estimating Yangtze River basin's riverine N2O emissions through hybrid modeling of land-river-atmosphere nitrogen flows H. Sun et al. 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120779
Ricky Mwangada Mwanake
Gretchen Maria Gettel
Elizabeth Gachibu Wangari
Clarissa Glaser
Tobias Houska
Lutz Breuer
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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