the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Insights of warm cloud biases in CAM5 and CAM6 from the single-column modeling framework and ACE-ENA observations
Yuan Wang
Xiaojian Zheng
Xiquan Dong
Abstract. There has been a growing concern that most climate models predict too frequent precipitation, likely due to lack of reliable sub-grid variability and vertical variations of microphysical processes in low-level warm clouds. In this study, the warm cloud physics parameterizations in the singe-column configurations of NCAR Community Atmospheric Model version 6 and 5 (SCAM6 and SCAM5, respectively) are evaluated using ground-based and airborne observations from the DOE ARM Aerosol and Cloud Experiments in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) field campaign near the Azores islands during 2017–2018. Eight-month SCM simulations show that both SCAM6 and SCAM5 can generally reproduce marine boundary-layer cloud structure, major macrophysical properties, and their transition. The improvement of warm cloud properties from CAM5 to CAM6 physics can be found compared to the observations. Meanwhile, both physical schemes underestimate cloud liquid water content, cloud droplet size, and rain liquid water content, but overestimate surface rainfall. Modeled cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations are comparable with aircraft observed ones in the summer but overestimated by a factor of two in winter, largely due to the biases in the long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols like sulfate. We also test the newly recalibrated autoconversion and accretion parameterizations that account for vertical variations of droplet size. Compared to the observations, more significant improvement is found in SCAM5 than in SCAM6. This result is likely explained by the introduction of sub-grid variations of cloud properties in CAM6 cloud microphysics, which further suppresses the scheme sensitivity to individual warm rain microphysical parameters. The predicted cloud susceptibilities to CCN perturbations in CAM6 are within a reasonable range, indicating significant progress since CAM5 which produces too strong aerosol indirect effect. The present study emphasizes the importance of understanding biases in cloud physics parameterizations by combining SCM with in situ observations.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Yuan Wang et al.
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-587', Anonymous Referee #1, 02 May 2023
Review of “Insights of warm cloud biases in CAM5 and CAM6 from the single-column modeling framework and ACE-ENA observations” by Wang et al.
In this study, model biases in aerosol and warm cloud simulations are examined in two versions of the NCAR CAM model using a single-column model framework (SCAM5 and SCAM6) for the ACE-ENA field campaign. The authors analyze differences between simulated cloud and aerosol properties and ACE-ENA observational data.
The paper is well organized and written, but lacks clarity and important information. My general comments reflect this issue.
Major comments:
- SCAM5/6 configuration and ACE-ENA case setup:
- To enhance the comprehension and reproducibility of the study, it would be beneficial to include more comprehensive details on the configuration and setup of SCAM5/6 simulations. Specifically, but not exclusively, the manuscript could provide information on which parameterizations were employed, which large-scale forcings were included, the evolution of input thermodynamic profiles over time (stationary or not?), the number of vertical levels used, and the model time step. Additionally, it may be useful to explicitly mention that the moisture field evolves freely, assuming it does so based on L192.
- The retuned KK scheme is mentioned for the first time in section 4. To enhance the paper’s clarity for all readers, including those who are not experts on cloud microphysics parameterizations, I suggest introducing the retuned KK scheme in the Methodology section (the mathematical description can stay in section 4) along with a brief description of the default cloud microphysics parameterizations of SCAM5 and 6.
- I have a few related comments in section 3.1:
- Although the simulated median and mean temperature values agree well with the observations, the temperature PDF suggests that this is partially due to a “canceling effect” from the lower/higher bins relative to the middle ones., i.e., the simulated values over the temperature “extremes” (lower and higher bins) are larger than the observed ones, but in the middle bins, the observed values surpass the simulated ones (i.e., bins between 280 and 290 K). All to say that the temperature PDF doesn’t fully support the sentence in L184–185.
- The authors conclude that the specific humidity bias of SCAM6 arises from the model moisture bias rather than the temperature bias (L190–191), partially because the temperature field is nudged towards the initial conditions (L133–134). While this is true, the nudging time-scale for the PBL is rather long (close to 10 days) which reduces the nudged impact on the PBL’s evolution. In addition, the temperature PDF indicates a moderate bias in simulated temperature in the lowest bins, i.e., between 265 to 275 K. Hence, while not entirely disagreeing with L190–191, the results in Figure 1 do not rule out the possibility that the temperature field also contributes to the RH bias.
- The limits of the temperature plots are unnecessarily large. To improve the clarity of the temperature field, I suggest reducing the upper and lower limits to 260–300 K; this range is also consistent with the temperature PDF below.
Please comment on these and adjust section 3.1 and Figure 1 accordingly.
Minor comments:
P4 L93–94: I can’t find the reference to Wang et al. (2016) and Zhang et al. (2020) in the References list.
P4 L93–94: Please consider adding at least one more reference per reference set, and add “e.g.,” before each reference set since there are too many available references to include all.
P4 L111–112: Please define explicitly the acronym MAM.
P6 L150: Please include the estimated median uncertainties also for Nc and CLWC.
P7 L167: The sentence “To make better… only selects the research flights with an “L” shape pattern center at the ARM-ENA site” may require additional context for readers who are not familiar with the flight sampling configuration used during ACE-ENA and its rationale. How does this pattern help improve comparisons between observations and simulations?
P10 L256: Could the authors provide more information on the physics used in the SCAM5 version in this study? In CAM6, CLUBB is responsible to diagnose the cloud macrophysical properties. To improve clarity, it would be helpful to include further information about the differences in the physics between the SCAM5 and SCAM6 versions used here; this ties in with my “Major comment 1”. This should probably go in section 2.1.
P10 L264: Could you please confirm whether these in-situ profiles represent an average of data from the 17 flights? Also, could you clarify what the SCAM6 profiles correspond to? Are they averages of the 17-flight time-stamps, or do they represent something else?
P11 L308: In section 4, the results show that the retuned KK scheme improves cloud micro- and macrophysics in SCAM5, but “as expected” it doesn’t lead to improvements in SCAM6 relative to the default MG2 (if I understood correctly). Thus, I was left at the end of section 4, questioning its purpose. I’m not suggesting removing it, but consider clarifying what this section adds to the paper.
P16 L423: The website link to where the data is stored is currently not working.
Figure 5: This is just a suggestion: Use the x-axis labels on only the bottom row or use the same labels on both rows. Currently, the bottom and upper rows have different x-axis labels even though they represent the same variable, which is a bit inconsistent.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Yuan Wang, 31 May 2023
- SCAM5/6 configuration and ACE-ENA case setup:
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-587', Anonymous Referee #2, 05 May 2023
Review of “Insights of warm cloud biases in CAM5 and CAM6 from the single-column modeling framework and ACE-ENA observations” by Wang et al.
This manuscript presents a study using the single column configurations of NCAR CAM5 and CAM6 to simulate marine boundary-layer cloud and aerosol properties over the eastern North Atlantic during the ACE-ENA field campaign. The authors further accessed the uncertainty in cloud microphysics parameterization.
The manuscript is clear in addressing scientific questions and well analyzes the results. The figures also strongly support the analysis from model results and observations. However, readers are hard to follow the main points in the current structure of the manuscript, especially for those unfamiliar with CAM5 and CAM6. Some general comments reflect my concern.
General comments:
- The title of the manuscript highlights the main discussion focusing on the warm cloud biases in CAM5 and CAM6, but the authors did not clearly point out the differences between CAM5 and CAM6. A table could help readers compare the main differences between the two models.
- Section 3 is to evaluate SCAM6 using ACE-ENA observations. Again, I do not know whether I should expect that SCAM5 and SCAM6 have similar results. The section title should be changed since the authors added many contents of SCAM5. The same figures as Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 should be present in the manuscript or supplementary for SCAM5.
- Returned KK scheme (D21-KK) has improved autoconversion and accretion rates with mean cloud droplet radius. However, the turned coefficients are tested in CAM5 by Dong et al., 2021. It seems reasonable if D21-KK did not offer a better result in SCAM6 because those coefficients need to be returned for CAM6. Why did the authors think the results came from introducing sub-grid cloud variations in CAM6?
- The authors provided Table 1 in the manuscript but did not mention it in the text. All experiments, including those experiment names, are hard to follow in the manuscript.
Specific comments:
Lines 101-102: The two-moment cloud microphysical scheme is updated to version 2 (MG2; Gettelman and Morrisons, 2015) …
Lines 156-157: Furthermore, the CLWC (RLWC) is scaled by the cloud (rain) fraction within …
Line 158: in-situ or in situ should be consistent throughout the paper.
Lines 167-168: Why choose the research flights with a “L” shape?
Lines 251-260: The authors did not mention fig. 4 in the text.
Lines 304-307: It is not clear the canceling effect here. For the authors' arguments, the result should be seen in summer and winter.
Line 343: Since the authors defined CLWC in the paper, they should avoid using cloud LWC.
Line 363: increased CLWC?
Line 398: SCAM5/6
Line 423: The link does not work.
Figure 5: Why using normalized height for Nc?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-587-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Yuan Wang, 31 May 2023
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-587', Anonymous Referee #1, 02 May 2023
Review of “Insights of warm cloud biases in CAM5 and CAM6 from the single-column modeling framework and ACE-ENA observations” by Wang et al.
In this study, model biases in aerosol and warm cloud simulations are examined in two versions of the NCAR CAM model using a single-column model framework (SCAM5 and SCAM6) for the ACE-ENA field campaign. The authors analyze differences between simulated cloud and aerosol properties and ACE-ENA observational data.
The paper is well organized and written, but lacks clarity and important information. My general comments reflect this issue.
Major comments:
- SCAM5/6 configuration and ACE-ENA case setup:
- To enhance the comprehension and reproducibility of the study, it would be beneficial to include more comprehensive details on the configuration and setup of SCAM5/6 simulations. Specifically, but not exclusively, the manuscript could provide information on which parameterizations were employed, which large-scale forcings were included, the evolution of input thermodynamic profiles over time (stationary or not?), the number of vertical levels used, and the model time step. Additionally, it may be useful to explicitly mention that the moisture field evolves freely, assuming it does so based on L192.
- The retuned KK scheme is mentioned for the first time in section 4. To enhance the paper’s clarity for all readers, including those who are not experts on cloud microphysics parameterizations, I suggest introducing the retuned KK scheme in the Methodology section (the mathematical description can stay in section 4) along with a brief description of the default cloud microphysics parameterizations of SCAM5 and 6.
- I have a few related comments in section 3.1:
- Although the simulated median and mean temperature values agree well with the observations, the temperature PDF suggests that this is partially due to a “canceling effect” from the lower/higher bins relative to the middle ones., i.e., the simulated values over the temperature “extremes” (lower and higher bins) are larger than the observed ones, but in the middle bins, the observed values surpass the simulated ones (i.e., bins between 280 and 290 K). All to say that the temperature PDF doesn’t fully support the sentence in L184–185.
- The authors conclude that the specific humidity bias of SCAM6 arises from the model moisture bias rather than the temperature bias (L190–191), partially because the temperature field is nudged towards the initial conditions (L133–134). While this is true, the nudging time-scale for the PBL is rather long (close to 10 days) which reduces the nudged impact on the PBL’s evolution. In addition, the temperature PDF indicates a moderate bias in simulated temperature in the lowest bins, i.e., between 265 to 275 K. Hence, while not entirely disagreeing with L190–191, the results in Figure 1 do not rule out the possibility that the temperature field also contributes to the RH bias.
- The limits of the temperature plots are unnecessarily large. To improve the clarity of the temperature field, I suggest reducing the upper and lower limits to 260–300 K; this range is also consistent with the temperature PDF below.
Please comment on these and adjust section 3.1 and Figure 1 accordingly.
Minor comments:
P4 L93–94: I can’t find the reference to Wang et al. (2016) and Zhang et al. (2020) in the References list.
P4 L93–94: Please consider adding at least one more reference per reference set, and add “e.g.,” before each reference set since there are too many available references to include all.
P4 L111–112: Please define explicitly the acronym MAM.
P6 L150: Please include the estimated median uncertainties also for Nc and CLWC.
P7 L167: The sentence “To make better… only selects the research flights with an “L” shape pattern center at the ARM-ENA site” may require additional context for readers who are not familiar with the flight sampling configuration used during ACE-ENA and its rationale. How does this pattern help improve comparisons between observations and simulations?
P10 L256: Could the authors provide more information on the physics used in the SCAM5 version in this study? In CAM6, CLUBB is responsible to diagnose the cloud macrophysical properties. To improve clarity, it would be helpful to include further information about the differences in the physics between the SCAM5 and SCAM6 versions used here; this ties in with my “Major comment 1”. This should probably go in section 2.1.
P10 L264: Could you please confirm whether these in-situ profiles represent an average of data from the 17 flights? Also, could you clarify what the SCAM6 profiles correspond to? Are they averages of the 17-flight time-stamps, or do they represent something else?
P11 L308: In section 4, the results show that the retuned KK scheme improves cloud micro- and macrophysics in SCAM5, but “as expected” it doesn’t lead to improvements in SCAM6 relative to the default MG2 (if I understood correctly). Thus, I was left at the end of section 4, questioning its purpose. I’m not suggesting removing it, but consider clarifying what this section adds to the paper.
P16 L423: The website link to where the data is stored is currently not working.
Figure 5: This is just a suggestion: Use the x-axis labels on only the bottom row or use the same labels on both rows. Currently, the bottom and upper rows have different x-axis labels even though they represent the same variable, which is a bit inconsistent.
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Yuan Wang, 31 May 2023
- SCAM5/6 configuration and ACE-ENA case setup:
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-587', Anonymous Referee #2, 05 May 2023
Review of “Insights of warm cloud biases in CAM5 and CAM6 from the single-column modeling framework and ACE-ENA observations” by Wang et al.
This manuscript presents a study using the single column configurations of NCAR CAM5 and CAM6 to simulate marine boundary-layer cloud and aerosol properties over the eastern North Atlantic during the ACE-ENA field campaign. The authors further accessed the uncertainty in cloud microphysics parameterization.
The manuscript is clear in addressing scientific questions and well analyzes the results. The figures also strongly support the analysis from model results and observations. However, readers are hard to follow the main points in the current structure of the manuscript, especially for those unfamiliar with CAM5 and CAM6. Some general comments reflect my concern.
General comments:
- The title of the manuscript highlights the main discussion focusing on the warm cloud biases in CAM5 and CAM6, but the authors did not clearly point out the differences between CAM5 and CAM6. A table could help readers compare the main differences between the two models.
- Section 3 is to evaluate SCAM6 using ACE-ENA observations. Again, I do not know whether I should expect that SCAM5 and SCAM6 have similar results. The section title should be changed since the authors added many contents of SCAM5. The same figures as Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 should be present in the manuscript or supplementary for SCAM5.
- Returned KK scheme (D21-KK) has improved autoconversion and accretion rates with mean cloud droplet radius. However, the turned coefficients are tested in CAM5 by Dong et al., 2021. It seems reasonable if D21-KK did not offer a better result in SCAM6 because those coefficients need to be returned for CAM6. Why did the authors think the results came from introducing sub-grid cloud variations in CAM6?
- The authors provided Table 1 in the manuscript but did not mention it in the text. All experiments, including those experiment names, are hard to follow in the manuscript.
Specific comments:
Lines 101-102: The two-moment cloud microphysical scheme is updated to version 2 (MG2; Gettelman and Morrisons, 2015) …
Lines 156-157: Furthermore, the CLWC (RLWC) is scaled by the cloud (rain) fraction within …
Line 158: in-situ or in situ should be consistent throughout the paper.
Lines 167-168: Why choose the research flights with a “L” shape?
Lines 251-260: The authors did not mention fig. 4 in the text.
Lines 304-307: It is not clear the canceling effect here. For the authors' arguments, the result should be seen in summer and winter.
Line 343: Since the authors defined CLWC in the paper, they should avoid using cloud LWC.
Line 363: increased CLWC?
Line 398: SCAM5/6
Line 423: The link does not work.
Figure 5: Why using normalized height for Nc?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-587-RC2 - AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Yuan Wang, 31 May 2023
Peer review completion
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Yuan Wang et al.
Yuan Wang et al.
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Supplement
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