Review article: current approaches and critical issues in multi-risk recovery planning of urban areas exposed to natural hazards

Mohammadi, Soheil; De Angeli, Silvia; Boni, Giorgio; Pirlone, Francesca; Cattari, Serena

doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504

Preprints

https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504

Preprints

27 Apr 2023

| 27 Apr 2023

Review article: current approaches and critical issues in multi-risk recovery planning of urban areas exposed to natural hazards

Soheil Mohammadi, Silvia De Angeli, Giorgio Boni, Francesca Pirlone, and Serena Cattari

Abstract. Natural hazard disasters recovery has been addressed in the literature by different sectoral perspectives and scientific communities. Nevertheless, studies providing holistic approaches to recovery, integrating reconstruction procedures and socio-economic impacts, are still lacking. Furthermore, recovery has been only marginally explored from a pre-disaster perspective, in terms of planning and actions for better recovery before disasters occur.

This paper provides a critical review of existing literature and guidelines on disaster recovery with the twofold aim of identifying current gaps and providing the layout to address multi-hazard recovery planning tools for decision-making. Disaster recovery literature is investigated in the paper by focusing on: the definition of the recovery phase and its separation or overlapping with other disaster risk management phases; the different destinations and goals that an urban system follows through recovery pathways; the requirements to implement a holistic resilience-based recovery roadmap; the challenges for shifting from single hazard to multi-hazard recovery approaches; the available recovery planning tools for optimal investment decision-making to increase physical assets resilience. Finally, the current challenges in multi-risk recovery planning are discussed.

This review can be a ground basis for new research directions to help stakeholders in decision-making and optimise their pre-disaster investments to improve the urban system's recoverability.

Received: 20 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 27 Apr 2023

Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors.

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17 Jan 2024

Review article: Current approaches and critical issues in multi-risk recovery planning of urban areas exposed to natural hazards

Soheil Mohammadi, Silvia De Angeli, Giorgio Boni, Francesca Pirlone, and Serena Cattari

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 79–107, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-79-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-79-2024, 2024

Short summary

Soheil Mohammadi, Silvia De Angeli, Giorgio Boni, Francesca Pirlone, and Serena Cattari

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

CC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-504', Carolina Ojeda, 19 May 2023

This article deals with the sensitive topic of recovery after disasters in urban systems. Through a carefully done literature review, they presented a critical approach to the differences and contradictions between each author.
My only commentary is about the English language, it was hard to read in various paragraphs. Please, review the coherence and clarity.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-CC1
- AC1: 'Reply on CC1', Soheil Mohammadi, 24 May 2023
  
  Dear Olga,
  Thank you very much for your feedback. We appreciate your input and believe that this review will be beneficial for the scientific community and the stakeholders involved in urban recovery planning.
  With regards to the language, we will revise the manuscript as per your suggestion to enhance its readability. If there are any specific paragraphs that you found particularly challenging to read, please feel free to indicate the line numbers.
  Thank you once again for your valuable feedback.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-AC1
RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-504', Marleen de Ruiter, 06 Jun 2023
I would like to congratulate the authors on a great and very valuable paper! They have conducted a very timely, valuable and thorough study, and they can feel very proud of their work. The topic of multi-risk recovery of urban areas is very important but currently very much understudied in our field. I hope the following suggestions can be used to further strengthen the paper and further heighten its value for our community. My main suggestion would be to strengthen the focus of the analysis specifically to recovery in the context of multi-risk and urban areas. While bellow the authors will find a long list of suggestions, they are not meant to discourage the authors. In contrary, I believe the authors conducted a great and very valuable study.
General comments
I think the paper could benefit from some restructuring.
There are many 1-3 sentence paragraphs, which seem to interrupt the flow of the paper and at times cause some confusion. Examples include, but are not limited to:
90 onwards: this seems to still be about the methods (critical lit review) so should this paragraph be part of the previous paragraph (L. 86-83), which is also on the critical lit review?

147-151: should this paragraph maybe be part of the previous and/or next paragraph?

To me it seems that paragraphs L.46 – 54, L. 55-62, and L. 67-78 discuss definitions of / changes in thinking about resilience and recovery while in between those, L.63-66 seem to introduce the urgency to adopt a multi-risk perspective.

The authors could consider moving the method description (second half of the intro) to a separate method section (basically, including a section header at the start of the description of the approach).

I think the multi-risk aspect of the paper is an important novelty and strength of the paper. I would encourage the authors to strengthen this in their introduction. In the paragraph at L. 63-65 the multi-risk aspect seems to almost appear as an afterthought. I encourage the authors to strengthen this particular element of the paper in the introduction, including a more elaborate explanation of those “additional challenges in decision-making”. In restricting the intro (see previous point), this particular element could maybe be described more prominently and extensively. I can imagine something more general on multi-risk recovery challenges and those specifically within an urban setting.

81: “inadequacies” in terms of how we define post-disaster recovery or how we manage post-disaster recovery?

113-114: how were these particular key words selected?

Reading L. 132-133, it is unclear to me how this is different from what will be addressed in Issue 2.

Table 1 is a great way to demonstrate the evolution of our understanding of “recovery” over time. Very nice!

169: it may be helpful to include a definition of build back better. This may for example help to understand L. 176. In addition, I found the paragraph of which it is part (L.165 – 179) a bit difficult to follow (for example, what do the authors mean by the “subjective functions” and “objects”).

261: I think it is very nice that the authors mention an example that shows the fuzziness of the boundaries between stages. Maybe they can describe this in a bit more detail to demonstrate the fuzziness more clearly to people who are less familiar with the aftermath of this particular disaster?

At the start of section 2.2, it may be nice to remind the reader of the phases of the DRM cycle.

Since some sections are lengthy and contain a lot of information, the authors could consider adding a couple of sentences at the end of each issue bringing it together.

Since section 5 aims to focus on challenges specific to multi-risk planning (in urban areas?), I wonder if it would be possible to focus that section and the identified challenges specific to multi-risk (in urban areas?). As I understand it now, some of these challenges are not unique to multi-risk recovery but rather recovery in general. This is maybe something the authors could also reflect on in the earlier sections; whether these sections can be tailored more to multi-risk?

Minor comments
Some writing issues. E.g. the first sentence of the abstract: there is a strong push within the field to move away from using “natural disasters”. Here I think it could be easily avoided by writing “Post-disaster recovery…”.

In the third sentence of the abstract: do the authors mean planning (that takes place before a disaster) of recovery-related actions (e.g., getting a contract for debris cleaning) or do they mean preparedness actions (e.g. to mitigate the potential impacts of a disaster).

26: I assume the time stamp here is a typo?

28 “dates” back to?

31: it is a bit unclear what is meant here with “complex system”. In general, the authors use many different disaster related terms (e.g., natural hazard event, extreme event, disturbances, etc); this can create some confusion. The authors could consider adding a box or table defining some of the key terminology used in their paper.

37-38: I am not sure I understand the second half of the sentence; it is not clear to me how the previous statement (or definition) supports the claim in this sentence that resilience is linked to DRM.

47: I believe that with a quote, the citation also need to include a page number – but I may be wrong there.

63: “a variety of sorts and categories” -> not sure what the authors mean here. Could they be more explicit?

85: maybe include a “(e.g., XXXX)” to explain what you mean by physical elements (buildings, infrastructure,…?)

130-131: maybe for legibility, the authors could consider adding this info to the issue 1 -3 description in L.125-129 instead of having a separate sentence on this.

140-142: “recognizable activities” and “evolutionary notions” not sure what the authors mean.

208-211: I wonder if there is any literature to support these statements.

219: what is meant by “diverse groups”?

Figure 2: looks great, very useful. Maybe the authors can add BBB to the legend or description and explain its meaning (in relation to Point F). Maybe the font size of the x and y-axis labels could be decreased a little.

485-489: the use of both multi-risk and multi-hazard may cause some confusion.

Figure 4 is again; I was just a bit confused by the use of different DRM phases compared to those presented in figure 2. It may be helpful to the reader to add the meaning of ABC to the figure caption.

In general, and as pointed out by the other reviewer, the paper could benefit from an English language check (sentence structure, word use, missing words, etc). I highlight some things but these are just some examples:
28 “dates” back to?

57: “DRM cycle phases one on another” -> “on one another”

75: “recovering from them” -> from disasters?

Incorrect use of “the” (e.g., L. 93: ‘the recovery” -> recovery; L. 111 “the google scholar” -> google scholar)

194: “However, this would not be possible.” -> this is never possible or this is challenging?

197: “because socioeconomic recovery is dependent on physical structure” -> is dependent on the recovery of physical structures (?)

208: “in a disaster community” -> in a disaster-struck community (?)

214: “evaluating quantitatively recovery plans” -> “quantitatively evaluating recovery plans”

242: “quick interventions like financial support or food for reconstruction” -> “quick interventions such as financial support for reconstruction or food”

275: “Fig.” -> Figure

346: “while” -> during

Best of luck!
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-RC1
- AC2:
  'Reply on RC1', Soheil Mohammadi, 19 Jul 2023
  Dear dr.De Ruiter,
  We sincerely thank you for your valuable review and appreciation of the significance of our work.
  According to your main suggestion, we strengthen the focus of the review on the multi-risk aspect, including it throughout the overall manuscript, starting from the Introduction (Sect.1), the chapter analyzing the different issues in urban recovery (Sect.2-4), as well as the chapter devoted to the identification of the key challenges in the field (Sect.5).
  Moreover, we:
  created a separate session devoted to the methodology,
  
  improved graphically some figures according to your suggestions,
  
  increased the readability of the manuscript by fixing some typos, checking the language, and reorganizing the sentences into coherent paragraphs.
  
  In addition, we answered all the other minor comments you reported in your review.
  Please, find our detailed answer to each of your comments in the attached pdf.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-AC2
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-504', Robert Sakic Trogrlic, 09 Jun 2023
Dear authors, thank you for this very interesting paper that I have truly enjoyed reading. It is always a pleasure reviewing a paper when one also learns a lot in the process. This study is a great addition to an apparent gap in multi-hazard and multi-risk literature, which is an exponentially growing field of research. I believe this will be a great addition to the literature and potentially a highly influential paper. I really enjoyed your focus on the socio-economics of recovery as well as a clear distinction between recovery and reconstruction, and especially enjoyed your discussion on community involvement.
I propose a rather long list of suggestions and hope these could be useful for improving the paper; however, these are mainly minor.
My overall comment is that I would like to see the framing of the paper stronger at the very beginning: primarily, why urban areas? In my view, there is a need for a stronger case and I believe this could be easily added. And secondly, the multi-hazard framing needs to be stronger and come much earlier, already in the introduction. Also, how are the findings of your work unique for urban areas? Do they also reflect recovery and reconstruction beyond urban areas?
Please see below my list of more specific comments.
Abstract: In the problem setting, I miss a sentence referring to multi-hazards, before the introduction of the ‘’two-aim’’

P1 L22 more updated information available?

P1 L27-23 Incomplete sentence

General: perhaps use more the term ‘’urban areas’’ rather than ‘’cities’’ throughout the paper. What is so specific about urban areas and their hazard and risk scapes that make it particularly important to study? Please elaborate on this in your problem setting.

P3 L82-83 New research directions will not ‘’enable’’ stakeholders to improve decision-making per se and by themselves. Therefore, this is an overstatement, please rephrase.

P3 L86 Perhaps this should be a separate heading and section focusing on the details of the study approach. The Introduction is currently way too long and at times difficult to follow.

General: in the Introduction, I miss the definition of multi-hazards and multi-risks and why are these crucial to be studied in the context of urban recovery and urban resilience. Perhaps also include a real-world example of that shows the completely of MH recovery? This is currently way too late in the paper.

General: The DRM cycle is highly criticised by some researchers as the phases are not easily distinguishable and they overlap in practice. Would be useful if you would make sure this literature is included and reflected on.

P4 L113 Was there a combination of keywords used and if yes, what combinations?

General: I strongly advise creating a figure that will represent your literature searcher and selections and a series of research issues mapped against your objectives. It will aid the clear overview of the paper and make it easier for your reader.

P5 L151: Nice distinction, however, a dated reference. I am wondering if there is anything more up to date?

P7 L194: Perhaps add ‘’recovery’’ before ‘’socio-economic activities’’

Figure 1: Great figure and very clear! Was this based on some inputs from a literature as there are not references in the figure? Fine if not, but wondering about the description of the figure in the text: I would expect some references as it is a review paper?

P9 L229: The fact that the phases should be separate. This could be problematic – please see my comment above on the criticism on the DRM cycle.

General: The paper has a lot of very long paragraphs that sometimes make the reading a bit challenging. I suggest editing this throughout the paper, shortening and separating thoughts per paragraphs where possible.

P13 L350-355 Really interesting! Any further explanation on why? Perhaps do reflect on the literature on the role of politics and electoral cycles- even with a reference or two.

P13 L366 on community involvement – I truly enjoyed reading this part of the paper. However, what I miss is mentioning the need for community involvement in pre-disaster planning, also getting input and community priorities into the recovery and reconstruction plans.

Table 3: it mentions seven publications in the table title, while four are listed.

Section 5: Which of these are specific to urban areas and which in general to recovery and reconstruction?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-RC2
- AC3:
  'Reply on RC2', Soheil Mohammadi, 19 Jul 2023
  Dear dr.Sakic Trogrlic,
  We sincerely thank you for your valuable review and we are pleased to hear that you enjoyed the reading and appreciated the discussion about community involvement. Indeed, we think this specific aspect covers a key role in recovery effectiveness, even more in a multi-risk context.
  Thanks to your comments, we think we significantly improved the clarity and the utility of the overall manuscript. We strengthened the focus on multi-risk since the beginning of the manuscript, starting from the abstract and the introduction section, and we clarified better the need to focus mainly on urban areas.
  Moreover, according to your suggestions, we:
  created a dedicated picture to better explain our methodology and the link between the Research Questions and the identified Issues,
  
  enlightened the Introduction by creating a separate methodological section,
  
  included a brief discussion about alternative DRM models.
  
  In addition, we answered all the other minor comments included in your review.
  Please, find our detailed answer to each of your comments in the attached pdf.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-AC3

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

CC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-504', Carolina Ojeda, 19 May 2023

This article deals with the sensitive topic of recovery after disasters in urban systems. Through a carefully done literature review, they presented a critical approach to the differences and contradictions between each author.
My only commentary is about the English language, it was hard to read in various paragraphs. Please, review the coherence and clarity.

Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-CC1
- AC1: 'Reply on CC1', Soheil Mohammadi, 24 May 2023
  
  Dear Olga,
  Thank you very much for your feedback. We appreciate your input and believe that this review will be beneficial for the scientific community and the stakeholders involved in urban recovery planning.
  With regards to the language, we will revise the manuscript as per your suggestion to enhance its readability. If there are any specific paragraphs that you found particularly challenging to read, please feel free to indicate the line numbers.
  Thank you once again for your valuable feedback.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-AC1
RC1:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-504', Marleen de Ruiter, 06 Jun 2023
I would like to congratulate the authors on a great and very valuable paper! They have conducted a very timely, valuable and thorough study, and they can feel very proud of their work. The topic of multi-risk recovery of urban areas is very important but currently very much understudied in our field. I hope the following suggestions can be used to further strengthen the paper and further heighten its value for our community. My main suggestion would be to strengthen the focus of the analysis specifically to recovery in the context of multi-risk and urban areas. While bellow the authors will find a long list of suggestions, they are not meant to discourage the authors. In contrary, I believe the authors conducted a great and very valuable study.
General comments
I think the paper could benefit from some restructuring.
There are many 1-3 sentence paragraphs, which seem to interrupt the flow of the paper and at times cause some confusion. Examples include, but are not limited to:
90 onwards: this seems to still be about the methods (critical lit review) so should this paragraph be part of the previous paragraph (L. 86-83), which is also on the critical lit review?

147-151: should this paragraph maybe be part of the previous and/or next paragraph?

To me it seems that paragraphs L.46 – 54, L. 55-62, and L. 67-78 discuss definitions of / changes in thinking about resilience and recovery while in between those, L.63-66 seem to introduce the urgency to adopt a multi-risk perspective.

The authors could consider moving the method description (second half of the intro) to a separate method section (basically, including a section header at the start of the description of the approach).

I think the multi-risk aspect of the paper is an important novelty and strength of the paper. I would encourage the authors to strengthen this in their introduction. In the paragraph at L. 63-65 the multi-risk aspect seems to almost appear as an afterthought. I encourage the authors to strengthen this particular element of the paper in the introduction, including a more elaborate explanation of those “additional challenges in decision-making”. In restricting the intro (see previous point), this particular element could maybe be described more prominently and extensively. I can imagine something more general on multi-risk recovery challenges and those specifically within an urban setting.

81: “inadequacies” in terms of how we define post-disaster recovery or how we manage post-disaster recovery?

113-114: how were these particular key words selected?

Reading L. 132-133, it is unclear to me how this is different from what will be addressed in Issue 2.

Table 1 is a great way to demonstrate the evolution of our understanding of “recovery” over time. Very nice!

169: it may be helpful to include a definition of build back better. This may for example help to understand L. 176. In addition, I found the paragraph of which it is part (L.165 – 179) a bit difficult to follow (for example, what do the authors mean by the “subjective functions” and “objects”).

261: I think it is very nice that the authors mention an example that shows the fuzziness of the boundaries between stages. Maybe they can describe this in a bit more detail to demonstrate the fuzziness more clearly to people who are less familiar with the aftermath of this particular disaster?

At the start of section 2.2, it may be nice to remind the reader of the phases of the DRM cycle.

Since some sections are lengthy and contain a lot of information, the authors could consider adding a couple of sentences at the end of each issue bringing it together.

Since section 5 aims to focus on challenges specific to multi-risk planning (in urban areas?), I wonder if it would be possible to focus that section and the identified challenges specific to multi-risk (in urban areas?). As I understand it now, some of these challenges are not unique to multi-risk recovery but rather recovery in general. This is maybe something the authors could also reflect on in the earlier sections; whether these sections can be tailored more to multi-risk?

Minor comments
Some writing issues. E.g. the first sentence of the abstract: there is a strong push within the field to move away from using “natural disasters”. Here I think it could be easily avoided by writing “Post-disaster recovery…”.

In the third sentence of the abstract: do the authors mean planning (that takes place before a disaster) of recovery-related actions (e.g., getting a contract for debris cleaning) or do they mean preparedness actions (e.g. to mitigate the potential impacts of a disaster).

26: I assume the time stamp here is a typo?

28 “dates” back to?

31: it is a bit unclear what is meant here with “complex system”. In general, the authors use many different disaster related terms (e.g., natural hazard event, extreme event, disturbances, etc); this can create some confusion. The authors could consider adding a box or table defining some of the key terminology used in their paper.

37-38: I am not sure I understand the second half of the sentence; it is not clear to me how the previous statement (or definition) supports the claim in this sentence that resilience is linked to DRM.

47: I believe that with a quote, the citation also need to include a page number – but I may be wrong there.

63: “a variety of sorts and categories” -> not sure what the authors mean here. Could they be more explicit?

85: maybe include a “(e.g., XXXX)” to explain what you mean by physical elements (buildings, infrastructure,…?)

130-131: maybe for legibility, the authors could consider adding this info to the issue 1 -3 description in L.125-129 instead of having a separate sentence on this.

140-142: “recognizable activities” and “evolutionary notions” not sure what the authors mean.

208-211: I wonder if there is any literature to support these statements.

219: what is meant by “diverse groups”?

Figure 2: looks great, very useful. Maybe the authors can add BBB to the legend or description and explain its meaning (in relation to Point F). Maybe the font size of the x and y-axis labels could be decreased a little.

485-489: the use of both multi-risk and multi-hazard may cause some confusion.

Figure 4 is again; I was just a bit confused by the use of different DRM phases compared to those presented in figure 2. It may be helpful to the reader to add the meaning of ABC to the figure caption.

In general, and as pointed out by the other reviewer, the paper could benefit from an English language check (sentence structure, word use, missing words, etc). I highlight some things but these are just some examples:
28 “dates” back to?

57: “DRM cycle phases one on another” -> “on one another”

75: “recovering from them” -> from disasters?

Incorrect use of “the” (e.g., L. 93: ‘the recovery” -> recovery; L. 111 “the google scholar” -> google scholar)

194: “However, this would not be possible.” -> this is never possible or this is challenging?

197: “because socioeconomic recovery is dependent on physical structure” -> is dependent on the recovery of physical structures (?)

208: “in a disaster community” -> in a disaster-struck community (?)

214: “evaluating quantitatively recovery plans” -> “quantitatively evaluating recovery plans”

242: “quick interventions like financial support or food for reconstruction” -> “quick interventions such as financial support for reconstruction or food”

275: “Fig.” -> Figure

346: “while” -> during

Best of luck!
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-RC1
- AC2:
  'Reply on RC1', Soheil Mohammadi, 19 Jul 2023
  Dear dr.De Ruiter,
  We sincerely thank you for your valuable review and appreciation of the significance of our work.
  According to your main suggestion, we strengthen the focus of the review on the multi-risk aspect, including it throughout the overall manuscript, starting from the Introduction (Sect.1), the chapter analyzing the different issues in urban recovery (Sect.2-4), as well as the chapter devoted to the identification of the key challenges in the field (Sect.5).
  Moreover, we:
  created a separate session devoted to the methodology,
  
  improved graphically some figures according to your suggestions,
  
  increased the readability of the manuscript by fixing some typos, checking the language, and reorganizing the sentences into coherent paragraphs.
  
  In addition, we answered all the other minor comments you reported in your review.
  Please, find our detailed answer to each of your comments in the attached pdf.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-AC2
RC2:
'Comment on egusphere-2023-504', Robert Sakic Trogrlic, 09 Jun 2023
Dear authors, thank you for this very interesting paper that I have truly enjoyed reading. It is always a pleasure reviewing a paper when one also learns a lot in the process. This study is a great addition to an apparent gap in multi-hazard and multi-risk literature, which is an exponentially growing field of research. I believe this will be a great addition to the literature and potentially a highly influential paper. I really enjoyed your focus on the socio-economics of recovery as well as a clear distinction between recovery and reconstruction, and especially enjoyed your discussion on community involvement.
I propose a rather long list of suggestions and hope these could be useful for improving the paper; however, these are mainly minor.
My overall comment is that I would like to see the framing of the paper stronger at the very beginning: primarily, why urban areas? In my view, there is a need for a stronger case and I believe this could be easily added. And secondly, the multi-hazard framing needs to be stronger and come much earlier, already in the introduction. Also, how are the findings of your work unique for urban areas? Do they also reflect recovery and reconstruction beyond urban areas?
Please see below my list of more specific comments.
Abstract: In the problem setting, I miss a sentence referring to multi-hazards, before the introduction of the ‘’two-aim’’

P1 L22 more updated information available?

P1 L27-23 Incomplete sentence

General: perhaps use more the term ‘’urban areas’’ rather than ‘’cities’’ throughout the paper. What is so specific about urban areas and their hazard and risk scapes that make it particularly important to study? Please elaborate on this in your problem setting.

P3 L82-83 New research directions will not ‘’enable’’ stakeholders to improve decision-making per se and by themselves. Therefore, this is an overstatement, please rephrase.

P3 L86 Perhaps this should be a separate heading and section focusing on the details of the study approach. The Introduction is currently way too long and at times difficult to follow.

General: in the Introduction, I miss the definition of multi-hazards and multi-risks and why are these crucial to be studied in the context of urban recovery and urban resilience. Perhaps also include a real-world example of that shows the completely of MH recovery? This is currently way too late in the paper.

General: The DRM cycle is highly criticised by some researchers as the phases are not easily distinguishable and they overlap in practice. Would be useful if you would make sure this literature is included and reflected on.

P4 L113 Was there a combination of keywords used and if yes, what combinations?

General: I strongly advise creating a figure that will represent your literature searcher and selections and a series of research issues mapped against your objectives. It will aid the clear overview of the paper and make it easier for your reader.

P5 L151: Nice distinction, however, a dated reference. I am wondering if there is anything more up to date?

P7 L194: Perhaps add ‘’recovery’’ before ‘’socio-economic activities’’

Figure 1: Great figure and very clear! Was this based on some inputs from a literature as there are not references in the figure? Fine if not, but wondering about the description of the figure in the text: I would expect some references as it is a review paper?

P9 L229: The fact that the phases should be separate. This could be problematic – please see my comment above on the criticism on the DRM cycle.

General: The paper has a lot of very long paragraphs that sometimes make the reading a bit challenging. I suggest editing this throughout the paper, shortening and separating thoughts per paragraphs where possible.

P13 L350-355 Really interesting! Any further explanation on why? Perhaps do reflect on the literature on the role of politics and electoral cycles- even with a reference or two.

P13 L366 on community involvement – I truly enjoyed reading this part of the paper. However, what I miss is mentioning the need for community involvement in pre-disaster planning, also getting input and community priorities into the recovery and reconstruction plans.

Table 3: it mentions seven publications in the table title, while four are listed.

Section 5: Which of these are specific to urban areas and which in general to recovery and reconstruction?
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-RC2
- AC3:
  'Reply on RC2', Soheil Mohammadi, 19 Jul 2023
  Dear dr.Sakic Trogrlic,
  We sincerely thank you for your valuable review and we are pleased to hear that you enjoyed the reading and appreciated the discussion about community involvement. Indeed, we think this specific aspect covers a key role in recovery effectiveness, even more in a multi-risk context.
  Thanks to your comments, we think we significantly improved the clarity and the utility of the overall manuscript. We strengthened the focus on multi-risk since the beginning of the manuscript, starting from the abstract and the introduction section, and we clarified better the need to focus mainly on urban areas.
  Moreover, according to your suggestions, we:
  created a dedicated picture to better explain our methodology and the link between the Research Questions and the identified Issues,
  
  enlightened the Introduction by creating a separate methodological section,
  
  included a brief discussion about alternative DRM models.
  
  In addition, we answered all the other minor comments included in your review.
  Please, find our detailed answer to each of your comments in the attached pdf.
  
  Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-AC3

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload

ED: Reconsider after major revisions (further review by editor and referees) (09 Aug 2023) by Daniela Molinari

AR by Soheil Mohammadi on behalf of the Authors (19 Sep 2023) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

EF by Sarah Buchmann (19 Sep 2023) Supplement

ED: Referee Nomination & Report Request started (28 Sep 2023) by Daniela Molinari

RR by Marleen de Ruiter (17 Oct 2023)

RR by Robert Sakic Trogrlic (06 Nov 2023)

Suggestions for revision or reasons for rejection

Dear authors,

Thank you very much for your efforts and congratulations for tackling the comments in such an extensive and detailed way. In my view, this has now greatly improved the manuscript. As mentioned previously, I believe this paper is a great addition to the growing field of understanding multi-hazard risks and associated management practices.

Please see some minor comments below:

• P1 L8-10 Suggestion to separate this into two sentences
• P1 L11 ‘’Improve urban system recoverability’’ – In my view, this is redundant, please reconsider.
• In the Abstract, and later in the paper, you mix multi-risk and multi-hazard risk. Please ensure the consistency, especially as later on you refer to Ward et al 2022 paper.
• P1 L28 ‘’hazard mitigation’’ it is not clear what this refers to and entails
• P2 L22 ‘’safe refuges’’ to be changes to ‘’safe refuge’’ or ‘’safe heaven.’’
• P2 L60 change ‘’composed by’’ to ‘’composed of’’
• P2 L64 Not just rapid expansion, but also unplanned and not risk informed. Please see Cremen et al. (2023) A state-of-the-art decision-support environment for risk-sensitive and pro-poor urban planning and design in Tomorrow's cities
• P2 L70 Meerow et al (2016), please add page number as this is a direct quote
• P3 L124-126 A lot of research is quantifying the benefit rations of investing in preparedness. Perhaps worthwhile reflecting on this research.
• P4 L218 Please rephrase ‘’provide some hints’’ when referring to the methodology section
• Figure 1: Many thanks for making it. I suggest adding some keywords below ‘’Keywords + databases’’ and an indication of a number of papers.
• Table 1: If you see as important, perhaps add a column that will add ‘’recovery as a desired outcome’’ and ‘’recovery as a process’’, to align text and definitions
• P11 L470 Reflect on the overlap of DRM phases (see Twigg, J., 2015. Disaster Risk Reduction- Good Practice Review 9. 2nd ed. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.)
• P12 L508-512 Your paragraphs are still very long which makes it at times challenging for the reader. Perhaps in places like this you could simplify through bullet pointing to increase the readability.
• P12 L512 Naturally, here is a new paragraph?
• P12 L517 Same as the previous comment.
• P13 L557 Please define functionality.
• P15 L643 ‘’Emergency phase’’ or ‘’Response phase’’? Response has been used previously. Please ensure consistency of terms throughout the paper.
• Table 2: You mention 8 publications but have only 2 in the table?
• P22 L900-902 Please rephrase the sentence.
• P23 Too long – an example where the text could be cut significantly. Perhaps some of the critique can be integrated in Table 3 and text shortened.
• Figure 5: instead of ‘’time frame’’ please add ‘’time frames’’

Referee Report: PDF

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ED: Publish subject to minor revisions (review by editor) (09 Nov 2023) by Daniela Molinari

AR by Soheil Mohammadi on behalf of the Authors (16 Nov 2023) Author's response Author's tracked changes Manuscript

EF by Sarah Buchmann (16 Nov 2023) Supplement

ED: Publish as is (29 Nov 2023) by Daniela Molinari

AR by Soheil Mohammadi on behalf of the Authors (30 Nov 2023) Manuscript

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

17 Jan 2024

Review article: Current approaches and critical issues in multi-risk recovery planning of urban areas exposed to natural hazards

Soheil Mohammadi, Silvia De Angeli, Giorgio Boni, Francesca Pirlone, and Serena Cattari

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 79–107, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-79-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-79-2024, 2024

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Soheil Mohammadi, Silvia De Angeli, Giorgio Boni, Francesca Pirlone, and Serena Cattari

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https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-504-supplement

Soheil Mohammadi, Silvia De Angeli, Giorgio Boni, Francesca Pirlone, and Serena Cattari

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Aug 2023	25	13	0	38
Sep 2023	32	29	2	63
Oct 2023	31	22	3	56
Nov 2023	4	5	0	9
Dec 2023	16	10	2	28
Jan 2024	17	6	2	25
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.

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Short summary

This paper critically reviews disaster recovery literature to provide a basis to develop multi-hazard recovery planning tools for decision-making. Identified key challenges encompass the lack of approaches integrating physical reconstruction and socio-economic recovery, the neglect of multi-risk interactions, the limited exploration of recovery from a pre-disaster planning perspective, low consideration of disaster recovery as a non-linear process in which communities need change over time.


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