the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 17 Nov 2023
Trends in Water Vapor in North America Based on GNSS observation and ERA5 reanalysis
Abstract. Atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) is a very important meteorological factor for weather forecasting and climate change monitoring. GNSS observation and ERA5 reanalysis for the period of 2010–2022 are used to analyse the overall and seasonal distribution and interdecadal trend of PWV in North America. The results indicate that GNSS and ERA5 are in good agreement between the distribution and interdecadal trend of PWV. The overall PWV change from 2010 to 2022 shows an obvious upward trend. The mean PWV is less than 20 mm in most regions of North America except for the Southeast where mean PWV is more than 30 mm. The change trend and correlation of PWV and temperature in North America from 1940 to 2022 based on ERA5 reanalysis data are analysed. The results show that the PWV increases more significantly with the interdecadal trend of 0.17 mm decade-1. The results illustrate that there is a significant correlation between PWV and temperature with the correlation coefficient of 0.96, and that there are some differences between the actual increase and ideal increase of water vapor content derived from Clausius-Clapeyron equation for every 1 K increase in North America. In addition, the results also show a significant increase of PWV during strong El Nino events and a significant decrease of PWV during strong La Nino events, thereby indicating that El Nino and La Nino events have an important influence on the change of PWV in North America.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2508', Anonymous Referee #1, 01 Jan 2024
Atmospheric water vapor is an important greenhouse in the atmosphere, and has strong feedback to the global warming, making it a critical element for climate analysis. This work used both GNSS and ERA5 PWV to investigate the distribution and long-term changes of PWV over the north America, and tried to investigate the relationship with temperature changes and ENSO index. Some conclusions were drawn from the work, but in my opinion, the investigations and discussions lack profundity where most of discussions are only simple descriptions without necessary explanations, making it insufficient for publication on ACP. Another main flaw is the lack of uncertainty for trend estimates.
Other specific comments include,
- P1L10: why choosing data from 2010 to 2022? Only this period is available for Suominet? The length of 13 yrs is not enough for long-term investigations.
- P4L98: how did you get PWV from ERA5? More details are needed.
- Figure 2: the distribution of GNSS stations is different in different subplots. Why?
- P7L146: ‘a good agreement between …’, a quantitative analysis is needed rather than just qualitative description. The authors also need to check other sections.
- Figure 4: the differences of trends in different seasons need explanations and discussions.
- Figure 9 and the corresponding discussions are just too simple.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2508-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Shuaimin Wang, 25 Mar 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2508/egusphere-2023-2508-AC1-supplement.pdf
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EC1: 'Editor Comment on egusphere-2023-2508', Martina Krämer, 10 Jan 2024
I am providing this comment on behalf of a referee, who sends her/his short report only via email and missed to submit it as a comment in the ACP open discussion.
The reviewer's assessment of the paper was that it does not make any significant new scientific contribution, but rather repeats earlier work. Therefore, the referee recommended rejection of the paper. This assessment was confirmed upon examination of previous articles (examples listed below).
References:
Chen, B. and Liu, Z.: Global water vapor variability and trend from
the latest 36 year (1979 to 2014) data of ECMWF and NCEP reanalyses,
radiosonde, GPS, and microwave satellite,
J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 11,442-411,462, 10.1002/2016JD024917, 2016.Peng, W., Tongchuan, X., Jiageng, D., Jingmin, S., Yanling, W.,
Qingli, S., Xin, D., Hongliang, Y., Dejun, S., and Jinrong, Z.: Trends
and Variability in Precipitable Water Vapor throughout North China
from 1979 to 2015, Adv. Meteorol., 2017, 1-10, 10.1155/2017/7804823,
2017.Wang, S., Xu, T., Nie, W., Jiang, C., Yang, Y., Fang, Z., Li, M., and
Zhang, Z.: Evaluation of Precipitable Water Vapor from Five Reanalysis
Products with Ground-Based GNSS Observations, Remote Sens., 12,
10.3390/rs12111817, 2020.Xu, Y., Ma, L., Zhang, F., Chen, X., and Yang, Z.: Accuracy Analysis
of Real-Time Precise Point Positioning—Estimated Precipitable Water
Vapor under Different Meteorological Conditions: A Case Study in Hong
Kong, Atmosphere, 14, 650, 10.3390/atmos14040650, 2023.Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2508-EC1 -
AC2: 'Reply on EC1', Shuaimin Wang, 25 Mar 2024
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-2508/egusphere-2023-2508-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on EC1', Shuaimin Wang, 25 Mar 2024
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EC2: 'Editor Comment on egusphere-2023-2508', Martina Krämer, 12 Feb 2024
Publisher’s note: this comment is a copy of EC1 and its content was therefore removed.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2508-EC2
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