the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Measurement report: A one-year study to estimate maritime contributions to PM10 in a coastal area in Northern France
Frédéric Ledoux
Cloé Roche
Gilles Delmaire
Gilles Roussel
Olivier Favez
Marc Fadel
Dominique Courcot
Abstract. This work is focused on filling the lack of knowledge associated with natural and anthropogenic marine emissions on PM10 concentrations in Northern France. For this purpose, a one-year measurement and sampling campaign for PM10 has been performed at a French coastal site situated in front of the Straits of Dover. The characterization of PM10 samples was performed considering major and trace elements, water-soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic markers of biomass burning and primary biogenic emissions. Furthermore, the source apportionment of PM10 was achieved using the constrained weighted-non-negative matrix factorization (CW-NMF) model. The annual average PM10 was 24.3 µg/m3 with six species contributing to 69 % of its mass (NO3-, OC, SO42-, Cl-, Na+, and NH4+). The source apportionment of PM10 led to the identification of 10 sources. Fresh and aged sea-salts contributed to 37 % of PM10, while secondary nitrate and sulfate contributed 41 %, biomass burning 10 %, and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) combustion from shipping emissions contributed 5 %, on yearly averages. Additionally, monthly evolution of the sources’ contribution evidenced different behaviors with high contributions of secondary nitrate and biomass burning during winter. In the summer season, 10 times higher concentrations for HFO combustion (July compared to January) and the predominance of aged sea-salts versus fresh sea-salts were observed. Constant weighted trajectories showed that the sources contributing to more than 80 % of PM10 at Cape Gris-Nez are of regional and/or long-range origins with the North Sea and the English Channel as hotspots for natural and anthropogenic marine emissions and Belgium, the Netherlands, and the West of Germany as hotspots for secondary inorganic aerosols.
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Frédéric Ledoux et al.
Status: open (until 27 Apr 2023)
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-169', Anonymous Referee #1, 19 Mar 2023
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General comment
The paper reports a study of maritime contributions to PM10 in a rural coastal area of northern France. The topic is of interest and suitable for the Journal. The approach used is quite standard, however, the extensive dataset, the detailed statistical analysis, and the limited availability of data for this area make the paper useful to the scientific community. I would like to see it published after a revision step addressing my minor specific comments.
Specific comments
Please remove all instances of etc. in the paper. If something should be added, please do it explicitly.
Line 67. Please remove the “+”. In addition, this value seems to be very large compared to the measured ones and to the values published in other studies. What it represents Annual average or other short-term contribution?
Lines 77-80. It would be worth to mention here that the use of low-sulphur fuels actually reduce also primary PM emissions from ships how it has been demonstrated in several study and, of course, also secondary sulphate. So that the regulation was not done only for SO2.
Line 101. Are these quartz filters?
Line 172. Are you referring to secondary organic aerosol here?
Section 3.2. Considering that the receptor model used is still not widely applied, it should be useful to mention that it has comparable performances to the PMF model investigated in the recent work of Belis et al. (Atmospheric Environment: X, 5, 2020, 100053).
Lines 247-256. For the discussion on the V/Ni ratio, I suggest to have a look and mention the work of Gregoris et al (Environ Sci Pollut Res (2016) 23, 6951–6959) that shows ratios lower than expected in coastal areas with relevant impact of shipping as well as a strong spatial variability of this ratio.
Lines 293-295. I would not say that it is underestimated. The pint is that it was analysed here only the contribution to primary PM10 and that there would be also a contribution to secondary aerosol, mainly sulphate, that could be even larger than the primary one.
Lines 322-325. Please mention how and where these gases are measured.
Figure 4. Please use the same acronym as in the text (i.e. CBPF). To be honest, I do not understand why the CBPF of sea salt and aged sea salt are so different. A better interpretation of this aspect would be useful.
Figure S4. The use of three different level of blue is not a good choice because make the figure hardly readable generating confusions among the different sources. Please make a different choice for these colours.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-169-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Marc Fadel, 28 Mar 2023
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We would like to thank the referee for his constructive comments that aim at improving the manuscript. In the attached document, we have replied to the different comments. Amendments in the manuscript will be done once the final version uploaded.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Marc Fadel, 28 Mar 2023
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Frédéric Ledoux et al.
Data sets
Data for "Measurement report: A one-year study to estimate maritime contributions to PM10 in a coastal area in Northern France." Frédéric Ledoux, Cloé Roche, Gilles Delmaire, Gilles Roussel, Olivier Favez, Marc Fadel, and Dominique Courcot https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7664528
Frédéric Ledoux et al.
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