the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
A novel multi proxy approach reveals that the millennial old ice cap on Weißseespitze, Eastern Alps, has preserved its chemical and isotopic signatures despite ongoing ice loss
Abstract. From the 1970s to the early 2000s, Alpine ice core research focused on a few suitable drilling sites at high elevation in the Western European Alps, assuming that the counterparts at lower elevation in the eastern sector are unsuitable for paleoenvironmental studies, due to the presence of melting and temperate basal conditions. Since then, it has been demonstrated that even in the Eastern Alpine range, below 4000 m a.s.l., cold ice frozen to bedrock can exist. In fact, millennial-old ice has been found at some locations, such as at the Weißseespitze (WSS) summit ice cap (Ӧtztal Alps, 3499 m a.s.l.), where about 6 kyrs appear locked into 10 m of ice. In this work, we present a full profile of the stable water isotopes (δ18O, δ2H), major ions (Na+, Cl-, Br-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NO32-, SO42-, NH4+, MSA-), levoglucosan, and microcharcoal for two parallel ice cores drilled at the Weißseespitze cap. We find that, despite the ongoing ice loss, the chemical and isotopic signatures appear preserved, and may potentially offer an untapped climatic record. This is especially noteworthy considering that chemical signals of other archives at similar locations have been partially or full corrupted by meltwater (i.e., Silvretta glacier, Grand Combin glacier, Ortles glacier). In addition, the impurity concentration near the surface shows no signs of anthropogenic contamination at WSS, which constrains the age at the surface to falls within the pre-industrial age.
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1625', Anonymous Referee #1, 29 Aug 2023
This manuscript presents 8.5 m long records of stable isotopes and concentrations of major ions and levoglucosan from an ice core retrieved from the Weißseespitze in the Eastern Alps together with a charcoal record from a parallel core. The summit ice cap of the Weißseespitze is at lower elevation (3499 m a.s.l.) compared to typical ice core sites in the Alps (> 4000 m a.s.l.) and has currently a negative mass balance. These conditions are not optimal for retrieving undisturbed ice core records. Nevertheless, in a previous study it was shown that the ca. 11 m thick remnant ice body contains ice with ages ranging from (0.62 ± 0.35) ka cal at about 4.5 m depth to (5.884 ± 0.739) ka cal just above the bed rock (Bohleber et al., 2020). The absence of a tritium peak from nuclear weapons tests in the 1960s was interpreted as evidence that the remaining ice was formed before the 1960s. This study presents the following indications that this remnant ice body may have preserved environmental signals: 1) the presence of bubble-rich ice (however, they are not really visible in the corresponding Fig. 1e), 2) the fact that there is no deviation from the meteoric water line in the co-isotopic plot, 3) the presence of a distinct variability in the chemical and isotopic signals, and 4) a typical degree of impurity localization at grain boundaries for two selected sections.
Although the results seem potentially interesting, my major concern is that the manuscript is in a rather premature status as outlined in the following.
The records of chemical tracers and stable isotopes are only presented on a depth scale. Without a chronology established, the records are free floating and cannot be related to any other reconstruction and therefore remain of very limited value. The 2019 core was dated (Bohleber et al., 2020). Why is this chronology not used here?
Further, the statement that the chemical and isotopic signatures are preserved should be better supported by placing them into a larger perspective. How do they compare to pre-industrial concentrations from other sites? How does the stable isotope record compare to the previous record (Bohleber et al., 2020) and to other sites? For instance, compared to Western Alpine sites, the d18O average is less depleted than expected for that elevation (Schotterer et al. 1997). I would anticipate the opposite for this more continental site.
The discussion about seasonality causing the covariation of the fluctuations of the chemical tracers is misleading. With the given spatial resolution you average over several years if the dating of Bohleber et al. (2020) is correct. And there is no covariation with the stable isotope signal, which would be expected if seasonality is the controlling factor.
The comparison with ice cores from Silvretta glacier, Grand Combin glacier, and Ortles glacier is meaningless if not substantiated with further details. The Silvretta ice core site is from a lower elevation (2927 m a.s.l.) and a definitely temperate glacier, whereas the ice cap at Weißseespitze remained permanently sub-zero at 1 m below surface, with -3°C at 9 m of depth (Fischer et al., 2022). At Grand Combin only the upper 20 m firn part was studied, which is not even present any more at Weißseespitze. For Ortles ice cores, no impurity concentrations have been discussed.
To summarize, because of the above limitations, I cannot recommend publication of this manuscript.
Schotterer, U., K. Froehlich, H. W. Gäggeler, S. Sandjordj and W. Stichler (1997). "Isotope records from Mongolian and Alpine ice cores as climate indicators." Climatic Change 36: 519-530.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1625-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1625, RC2', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Aug 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-1625/egusphere-2023-1625-RC2-supplement.pdf
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1625', Anonymous Referee #1, 29 Aug 2023
This manuscript presents 8.5 m long records of stable isotopes and concentrations of major ions and levoglucosan from an ice core retrieved from the Weißseespitze in the Eastern Alps together with a charcoal record from a parallel core. The summit ice cap of the Weißseespitze is at lower elevation (3499 m a.s.l.) compared to typical ice core sites in the Alps (> 4000 m a.s.l.) and has currently a negative mass balance. These conditions are not optimal for retrieving undisturbed ice core records. Nevertheless, in a previous study it was shown that the ca. 11 m thick remnant ice body contains ice with ages ranging from (0.62 ± 0.35) ka cal at about 4.5 m depth to (5.884 ± 0.739) ka cal just above the bed rock (Bohleber et al., 2020). The absence of a tritium peak from nuclear weapons tests in the 1960s was interpreted as evidence that the remaining ice was formed before the 1960s. This study presents the following indications that this remnant ice body may have preserved environmental signals: 1) the presence of bubble-rich ice (however, they are not really visible in the corresponding Fig. 1e), 2) the fact that there is no deviation from the meteoric water line in the co-isotopic plot, 3) the presence of a distinct variability in the chemical and isotopic signals, and 4) a typical degree of impurity localization at grain boundaries for two selected sections.
Although the results seem potentially interesting, my major concern is that the manuscript is in a rather premature status as outlined in the following.
The records of chemical tracers and stable isotopes are only presented on a depth scale. Without a chronology established, the records are free floating and cannot be related to any other reconstruction and therefore remain of very limited value. The 2019 core was dated (Bohleber et al., 2020). Why is this chronology not used here?
Further, the statement that the chemical and isotopic signatures are preserved should be better supported by placing them into a larger perspective. How do they compare to pre-industrial concentrations from other sites? How does the stable isotope record compare to the previous record (Bohleber et al., 2020) and to other sites? For instance, compared to Western Alpine sites, the d18O average is less depleted than expected for that elevation (Schotterer et al. 1997). I would anticipate the opposite for this more continental site.
The discussion about seasonality causing the covariation of the fluctuations of the chemical tracers is misleading. With the given spatial resolution you average over several years if the dating of Bohleber et al. (2020) is correct. And there is no covariation with the stable isotope signal, which would be expected if seasonality is the controlling factor.
The comparison with ice cores from Silvretta glacier, Grand Combin glacier, and Ortles glacier is meaningless if not substantiated with further details. The Silvretta ice core site is from a lower elevation (2927 m a.s.l.) and a definitely temperate glacier, whereas the ice cap at Weißseespitze remained permanently sub-zero at 1 m below surface, with -3°C at 9 m of depth (Fischer et al., 2022). At Grand Combin only the upper 20 m firn part was studied, which is not even present any more at Weißseespitze. For Ortles ice cores, no impurity concentrations have been discussed.
To summarize, because of the above limitations, I cannot recommend publication of this manuscript.
Schotterer, U., K. Froehlich, H. W. Gäggeler, S. Sandjordj and W. Stichler (1997). "Isotope records from Mongolian and Alpine ice cores as climate indicators." Climatic Change 36: 519-530.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1625-RC1 -
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1625, RC2', Anonymous Referee #2, 30 Aug 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-1625/egusphere-2023-1625-RC2-supplement.pdf
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