the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 20 Jul 2023
Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode
Abstract. A narrow-band sodium lidar provides high temporal and vertical resolution observations of sodium density, atmospheric temperature, and wind that facilitate the investigation of atmospheric waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (80–105 km). In order to retrieve full vector winds, such a lidar is usually configured in a multi-direction observing mode, with laser beams pointing to the zenith and several off-zenith directions. Gravity wave events were observed by such a lidar system from 06:30 to 11:00 UTC on 14 January 2002 at Maui, Hawaii (20.7° N, 156.3° W). A novel method based on cross-spectrum was proposed to derive the horizontal wave information from the phase shifts among measurements in different directions. At least two wave packets were identified using this method, one with a period of ~1.6 hr and a horizontal wavelength of ~438 km and propagating toward the southwest, the other one with a ~3.2 hr period and ~975 km wavelength and propagating toward the northwest. The background atmosphere states were also fully measured, and all intrinsic wave properties of the wave packets were derived. Dispersion and polarization relations were used to diagnose wave propagation and dissipation. It was revealed that both wave packets propagate through multiple thin evanescent layers and are partially reflected but still get a good portion of energy to penetrate higher altitudes. A sensitivity study demonstrates the capability of this method in detecting medium-scale and medium-frequency gravity waves. With continuous and high-quality measurements from similar lidar systems worldwide, this method can be utilized to detect and study the characteristics of gravity waves of specific spatio-temporal scales.
-
Notice on discussion status
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
-
Preprint
(15442 KB)
-
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(15442 KB) - Metadata XML
- BibTeX
- EndNote
- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1563', Anonymous Referee #1, 25 Aug 2023
In “Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode,” the authors suggest a new method using multi-direction temperature and wind results from sodium lidar to analyze gravity waves. A case study at Maui, Hawaii was used to illustrate the method's feasibility. Using lidar observation data, the authors get the parameters of the GWs, such as period, wavelength, propagation direction, and so on. The GWs’ propagation and dispersion conditions can also be calculated and well-explained with wave theory. In addition, the sensitive study has been presented to state that the method is suitable for medium-scale and medium-frequency GWs. Overall, this work presents a new and reliable idea for calculating the GWs parameter with the multi-direction measurement and is suitable for publishing after minor revision.
Minor comments:
- In Figure 6 and Figure 7, the sentence “Overlapped contours are the Richardson numbers with values 0.25 in blue and 0.5 in black.” There are no black contours in these 2 figures.
- Line 309, “In Figure 9(c) and 9(f), the relative wave amplitudes are estimated, assuming a unit amplitude at the lowest altitude.” What is the value of the unit amplitude?
- Line 393, “The retrieved phase shift shows an error of within 10 % for all periods and wavelengths shorter than 2000 km.” For the light blue line shown in the bottom of Figure 10, which wavelength is 1000 km, the phase shift error can reach 20%. Please check the sentence and make sure the statement is right or not.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
We really appreciate the RC1 reviewer’s comments and suggestions. The responses for each comment and question are provided here, highlighted in bold font, and corresponding revisions in the manuscript are also explicitly described.
In “Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode,” the authors suggest a new method using multi-direction temperature and wind results from sodium lidar to analyze gravity waves. A case study at Maui, Hawaii was used to illustrate the method's feasibility. Using lidar observation data, the authors get the parameters of the GWs, such as period, wavelength, propagation direction, and so on. The GWs’ propagation and dispersion conditions can also be calculated and well-explained with wave theory. In addition, the sensitive study has been presented to state that the method is suitable for medium-scale and medium-frequency GWs. Overall, this work presents a new and reliable idea for calculating the GWs parameter with the multi-direction measurement and is suitable for publishing after minor revision.
Minor comments:
In Figure 6 and Figure 7, the sentence “Overlapped contours are the Richardson numbers with values 0.25 in blue and 0.5 in black.” There are no black contours in these 2 figures.
Because the Ri=0.5 contours spread over a large area on the figure, it is originally plotted with much thinner contour lines so not to obscure the color shadowing in the background. In the revised manuscript, we updated the figure to make both the blue (Ri=0.25) and black (Ri=0.5) contours show up in the same width.
Line 309, “In Figure 9(c) and 9(f), the relative wave amplitudes are estimated, assuming a unit amplitude at the lowest altitude.” What is the value of the unit amplitude?
In this context, we calculated the theoretical wave amplitude variations considering the evanescence layers (exponential decay) and energy conservation (exponential growth). We focused on the relative changes of the wave amplitude, chose a unit or 1 K wave amplitude at the bottom, and estimated the wave amplitude at higher altitudes. We revised the manuscript to make it clear that the 1 K wave amplitude is chosen as the lowest amplitude for the calculation. Both Figures 9(c) and 9(f) are updated to be more precise.
Line 393, “The retrieved phase shift shows an error of within 10 % for all periods and wavelengths shorter than 2000 km.” For the light blue line shown in the bottom of Figure 10, which wavelength is 1000 km, the phase shift error can reach 20%. Please check the sentence and make sure the statement is right or not.
We agree with this point. The phase shift is much more sensitive to the errors. We corrected the statement that a typical 20 % percentage error is more proper for the phase shift for waves with wavelengths shorter than 2000 km.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-AC1
-
CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1563', Lidar Scientist, 07 Sep 2023
A concerning aspect of this manuscript is that the data are “detrended” to remove the background, which is likely a large-scale wave or tide. This method lacks detailed description. However, it should be noted when a linear background is subtracted from a wave such as a tide, which is sinusoidal, the residual remains near the inflection of the tide creating a false perturbation.
Putting this aside, the methodology used to analyze the residuals (if we make the assumption these residuals are waves) is otherwise very concerning. I have provided reviews of this below in case the initial point is not enough.
Unfortunately, the improper use of multiple filters, FFTs, and detrending make it difficult to discern what is actually present in the dataset versus what is an introduced artifact or noise. The color plots are interpolated as well, which is problematic for the coarse resolution of data used.
Additionally, there is no propagation of error analysis included in the calculations. The errors associated with Ri and, N^2, and m^2 are expected to be quite large, possibly even so large that these calculated values are irrelevant.
While the equations used to calculate Ri, N^2, and wave parameters such as horizontal phase speed are correct, applying these equations to data is not a novel technique and has been published many times before. The methodology used to extract data in tables 1 and 2 is not provided or clearly justified.
Specific comments are included below:
Line 144 “The detrended temperature measurements in different directions are shown in Figure 2”
What sort of detrending method was used? Why are the original data not being shown here? Detrending in the presence of a sharp tidal structure can cause the appearance of a perturbation.
Line 145 “Abundant wave components of various periods are identified from measurements of all directions, and distinct downward phase progression is seen in the perturbations, which implies an upward wave propagation.”
Are these “abundant wave components” or noise?
Line 147 “A strong peak is found at around 90 km altitude from 09:00 UT onwards”
The “peak” at 90km is not in agreement with figure 4, which shows all sorts spectral power at a range of altitudes and not necessarily a peak at 90km.
Line 148-150 “The wave patterns of the perturbations in different directions are very similar, so they are likely the same wave packets spreading a larger area and captured by the laser beams in different directions. Closely inspecting the wave pattern (crests and troughs) in different directions, some shifts in time could be noticed, which are the results of the spatial separation of laser beams in different directions.”
What sort of scientific interpretation was used to come to this conclusion? How are you coming to the conclusion that the perturbations are “similar” and “likely the same wave packets spreading a larger area.” There appears to be a jump in temperature between 9-10UT, but it is unclear what the background temperatures are and whether this is an artifact or real.
Line 150-152 “The detrended perturbations of different wind components are shown in Figure 3, similar wave patterns with a downward phase progression can be identified in zonal and meridional winds, with an amplitude of up to 20 ms−1.”
This is not readily apparent. The data shown are quite noisy. Again, the readers are not shown the original data before detrending, so there may be an artifact here.
Line 153-54 “The wave pattern is still clear in the vertical wind perturbation, with an amplitude +/-2 ms−1. However, the downward phase progression is less evident. This is likely due to the magnitude of perturbation being equal to or less than the uncertainty of vertical winds.”
This statement is problematic for multiple reasons. First, there is a wave apparent in w’ provided by the authors, but with different periods than what is shown in the other plots. So, “the wave pattern is still clear” is not relevant. “The downward phase progression is less evident” implies there is a downward phase progression that can be observed, but then it is stated that it is likely the magnitude of the perturbation is equal to or less than the uncertainty of vertical winds. What is being claimed here?
Line 159 “Figure 4 shows the spectra of temperature perturbation in
five directions, which all show a similar pattern. The average spectrum of all five directions is shown in the upper right corner.”
This is extremely misleading. The dataset shown in figure 2 has a lot of noise structure on the order of 30 minutes to a few hours without any coherent structure. Of course applying a Fourier analysis is going to show spectral power associated with periods of one to a few hours, but this does not mean it is an actual wave. Furthermore, the dataset shown is only 4.5 hours, with an interpolation of 6 minutes. In reality, data in the off-zenith direction has an effective resolution of 10.2 minutes. So while waves with a 20 minute period could technically be detected, noise can also be observed on the order of 20 minute periods or greater.
What is most misleading about Fig 4 is the interpolation in the plots. Based on the dataset used (6:30-11UT) being 4.5 hours and an interpolation of 6 minutes (so sampling frequency of 10 points/hr), the highest frequency possible should be ~.222/hr or 4.5 hours (the length of the dataset). But the plot shows 6.4hr, 3.2hr, and 1.6hr points. Is the dataset used actually longer? Was zero padding used? Also, it is very important to point out here that there are a limited number of datapoints at these low frequencies. The plots shown in Fig 4 are heavily interpolated when in reality there are just a few data points at the lower frequencies for each altitude. Also noise can be easily interpreted as a wave. There is not necessarily coherence between the perturbations at each altitude, and the FFT could also be sensitive to noise or artifacts from detrending.
Line 161 “Overall, there exist two prominent peaks; one has a period of about 3.2-hr and the
other one about 1.6 hr.”
No, these are just two adjacent data points in an FFT and NOT two distinct peaks. Yes, the dataset has spectral power in this frequency range which does not necessarily imply a gravity wave with a specific period.
Line 165: “Overall, there exist two prominent peaks; one has a period of about 3.2-hr and the
other one about 1.6 hr.”
Given the short length of the dataset and the sampling resolution, it would be extremely difficult to distinguish these two periods from each other.
Line 169 “Two spectral peaks are quite close in the frequency domain, so we used Chebyshev type II filters with flat passband and steep transition to stopband.”
Yes, these are indeed quite close spectrally, and given the short length of the dataset and the coarse resolution, it would be difficult to distinguish the two peaks using a filter. One must consider the effective resolution of the dataset. Essentially, at the sampling resolution used of 6 minutes (its technically 10, but data were interpolated), and the length of the dataset being 4.5 hours, your frequency resolution is 0.222 hr^-1. The author is attempting to distinguish between 0.625hr^-1 and 0.3125 hr^-1. The frequency resolution does not permit the application of a filter that can separate these two waves.
Line 170: “To filter out the 1.6-hr wave component, the cut-off period of a high-pass filter is selected as 2.2-hr (0.46 hr−1). To separate the background state from two wave components, the cut-off period of a low-pass filter is selected to be 6-hr (0.17 hr−1).”
The sampling resolution and length of the dataset would not permit this. The dataset is not even 6 hours. Also, weren’t the data already detrended?
Additionally, applying a filter to a dataset, especially a sharp cutoff filter can create ringing and edge effects, which would make waves appear in the filtered data that aren’t real.
Line 172-173: “To fully understand the propagation condition of waves, the background atmosphere states were analyzed. Figures 5(a)–5(c) show the background temperature T0, zonal wind u0 and meridional wind v0 retrieved by low-pass filtering as defined above.”
What was described above was incorrect use of a filter to attempt to retrieve long period waves from a short dataset. Its not clear how the background is now obtained, especially since the waves in question were retrieved using a “detrending.”
Line 174-175: “The background atmosphere states show clear modulation of tides, as shown by a slow downward phase progression in both temperature and winds.”
Yes, the background atmosphere does have tides, and filtering effects or detrending can cause artifacts in these tidal regions that can be misinterpreted as waves. It is difficult to tell without seeing the original data, and these should be shown in addition to these “background” data.
Figure 5 and line 185: The calculation of N^2 and Ri requires the use of multiple data points and when accounting for propagation of error, these errors can be quite high. What is the error associated with the calculated Ri and N^2?
Looking at plot A1, the wind error at best is 5m/s for the off zenith beams (U, V measurements), 15m/s at 100km, and 30m/s at 105km. To calculate Ri, two points are used to calculate dU/dz and two points are used to calculate dV/dz. Even with averaging, this would result in quite a large error, especially at higher altitudes.
Furthermore, parameters such as Ri and N^2 are parameters associated with the atmosphere itself including all waves and features. Generally, a GW propagating through the atmosphere itself generates regions of low Ri and N^2, not necessarily the “background state.” These calculations are not only problematic due to the significant errors, but they are not relevant as they are based on a heavily filtered background that does not include all of the localized dynamics which determine Ri and N^2.
Figure 6 and 7: As previously discussed, there are issues with the filters applied to the data here.
Line 176: “and there is a clam layer around 90km”
What does this mean?
Line 193: “However, the long-period (3.2-hr) wave effectively acts as the background for the shorter-period (1.6-hr) wave.”
Again, this dataset cannot resolve a separate 3.2 and 1.6 hr wave based on the number of samples and length of the dataset. Effectively, these two periods are two adjacent data points in the frequency domain, and one would expect a power spectral density with higher power for lower frequencies to exist in the mesosphere in general. Even zero padding will not change this, as it is merely an interpolation in the frequency domain. If a sharp filter is applied essentially only allowing 1 or 2 points in a spectrum of noise, then what results is a wave. This does not mean a wave is present.
Figure 6: The artifact that may have arisen due to filtering and tidal removal is being referred to as a 3.35 hour wave, although an entire period of the “3.35 hr wave” isn’t readily visible over the 4.5 hour dataset.
Line 202: “After applying the desired filters on the temperature and wind perturbations, the two dominant wave components are isolated.”
What filters? This analysis appears to isolate two different Fourier components associated with the background noise spectrum.
Line 203-204: “Using the improved spectral peak determination method, the exact periods of the two dominant components are determined to be 3.35 hr (0.2986 hr−1) and 1.63 hr (0.6148 hr−1).”
What is the “improved spectral peak determination method.” These aren’t peaks. They are two adjacent points in the frequency domain for the given dataset.
Lines 205-215: Aside from the concerning heavily filtered data, and the contour plot that has an interpolation associated with it, it is also important to note that outside one region between 9-11UT and 87-92km in a few of the plots in Fig 7, many of these perturbations are close to the noise of the temperature measurements. The perturbations are mostly just a few K, which is also the noise associated with T between 85-95km. Note that above 100km, the noise drastically increases from 5K to 15K at 105km. Likely the data above 100km in altitude are noise.
Interestingly, the plots of the filtered winds are hidden in the appendix A3 and A4 plots with a dotted line drawn on which does not appear to follow any mathematical or analytical methodology to placement other than an attempt to convince the reader that there is a phase progression that is not actually apparent in the data.
Line 218: “The wave signatures of both components are evident in the horizontal winds with the visible downward phase progression”
No, the downward phase progression is not readily visible.
Line 218-219: “and the node structure is clear in the vertical direction with at least two maxima at different altitudes.”
The vertical winds are plotted on an axis range from -2.5 to 2.5 m/s, which is below the noise of the wind measurements even in the best cases.
Lines 220-225: While there is discussion of waves in the wind data, the waves are not apparent from the plots provided.
Line 235-240: Assuming that the parameters used for the waves are not noise or artifacts arising from detrending or improper filtering, there were clearly many assumptions that would go in to a calculation of phase speed. How were the propagation azimuth and phase speed determined?
Lines 240-245: “The horizontal wavelength wave #1 and wave #2 are estimated to be around 975 km and 438
km, both with a ∼20%uncertainty. The propagation azimuth angles are estimated to be 299◦ and 233◦ for two waves, both with a 15◦–20◦ uncertainties. These wavelengths and azimuths correspond to phase shifts of -32◦ and 18◦ between measurements of E-W and N-S for wave #1, and phase shifts of -65◦ and -49◦ for wave #2.”
Again, there are no details on how these calculations were made, what the assumptions were, and how the uncertainty was determined.
Tab1e 1: No information is given on how these parameters were calculated.
Line 260: “When the atmosphere is treatedas incompressible and background temperature varies slowly within the vertical wavelength of the wave, we have cs →∞and dHs/dz →0.”
This is not a valid assumption, the speed of sound does not go to infinity (although this was mentioned 20 years ago in the Fritts and Alexander 2003 paper).
Section 3.3 Wave Diagnosis:
The math here is not new, and has been used in observational analysis in many other publications. The calculations presented here use GW parameters that were determined in the previous section of the manuscript. As previously mentioned in this review, it is not clear that these are real waves. What is also problematic here is the calculation m^2. There is no noise calculation or propagation of error, which is presumably very high. The value of u is used multiple times in the chosen dispersion relation, each time with an associated error.
Furthermore, there is mention of “layered structures for both waves, potentially creating ducts for the gravity waves.” Based on Figure 9, these layers are very small, just a few km in altitude, so it seems strange that these would create a duct for GWs that, according to Tab1e 1 have vertical wavelengths >20km.
More derived parameters are provided in Table 2, and again, there is no discussion of how these parameters are obtained. Despite u’ and v’ not being readily apparent in the provided plots, these are somehow included in a calculation necessary for the parameters presented in Table 2.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-CC1 -
AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
We really appreciated the community reviewer's efforts in reviewing our manuscript and providing many useful comments and suggestions. Here, we provided detailed responses to all the comments and questions. If any revisions are made to address them in the manuscript, they are described here as well. Multiple comments are about very similar topics, such as the methods and authenticity of the waves. We will address some key comments and concerns at the beginning and respond to other comments in later sections. Due to the size limit, all the figures are only included in the PDF attachment, where the complete responses can be found, including everything listed here.
(1) Regarding the methodology, this study presents a new method to derive the gravity wave horizontal information from Na lidar observations. To clarify the method, we add an extra subfigure in Figure 1(b), showing the simulated time series with phase shift or difference at three different locations (East, Zenith, West). The small phase shift is due to a spatial separation of ~50 km between laser beams at Z and E/W at 90 km altitude. In summary, we tried to identify this small phase shift (or phase differences) from the observations (time series) in different directions. Then, we can derive the horizontal wavelength and propagation direction from the phase shifts in the E-W and N-S directions. We have detailed descriptions of the proposed methods in Section 2. The implementation of the method is mathematically simple. First, apply some interpolation, the phase shift is derived from the cross-spectrum of two time series. Then the wave parameters (horizontal wavelength, phase speed, and propagation azimuth) are calculated from the phase shift based on equations (5) and (6) in Section 2. Next, the whole process is repeated for data of all the altitudes. The whole process can be simply described as: two time series -> interpolation -> cross-spectrum -> phase shift -> wavelength/wavenumber -> wave speed -> wave vector.
(2) Regarding the authenticity of the derived waves, we acknowledged several times the existence of spectral leakage due to limited data samples and coarse resolution in the manuscript. We used caution in each step to make sure the wave signatures are real. Our method did not only rely on the FFT-retrieved wave amplitude/period but also depended on the consistent phase shifts in the time series, and the phase shift must satisfy the wave propagation features. We declared that the retrieved perturbations were actual wave signatures, not aliased signals from tide residuals or artifacts of random noise, only after we identified consistent phase shifts in the time series and derived consistent wave vectors. As the reviewer pointed out, multiple methods were implemented in the data processing, including interpolation, filtering, and FFT. They are carried out independently on the measurements from different directions. After these procedures, the phase shift, like Figure 1(b), shows up in the time series at different altitudes, and the phase shift follows the propagation feature, like W->Z->E and N->Z->S, so we believe that they are not artifacts or random noises. Our main arguments are: (1) the atmospheric tides have very large horizontal scales and would not generate a noticeable phase shift within a 100 km distance (also see latter sensitivity analysis on wave scales). (2) the probability of random noise shown in five directions and associated with consistent phase shift, is close to zero. (3) even if the spectral peaks are not very accurate, they should be very close to the true values for wave packets, and the phase shift of the wave packet will still be prominent.
To support these arguments, we attached a figure (right below) of the time series of the 1.6-hour wave at 90 km after filtering. Just like the ones shown in the simulations in Figure 1(b), clear phase shifts can be seen in the measurements from different directions. The wavefront moves in the directions of E->Z->W and N->Z->S. The perturbation amplitudes reach about 8 K and 10 m/s in temperature and winds. Please note that the circles of different colors demonstrate the raw measurements before any interpolation is applied in the time domain. With the raw 5-min or 10-min resolution, we can resolve the phase shifts of a 1.6-hr and 3.2-hr wave.
To recap, we have the following evidence to support the authenticity of the waves: (1) perturbations with noticeable phase shifts in the time domain (Figure 6/7), (2) consistent peaks in the spectral domain (Figure 4), and (3) consistent wave vectors over the altitude range (Figure 8b/8c).
(3) Regarding the potential spectral leakage, we acknowledged the limited data samples could bring uncertainty in the spectral peaks. So, we tried our best and used caution at every step to eliminate the artifacts. First, we examined the temperature and wind perturbations in the time domain, and almost confirmed the existence of the waves and estimated the wave periods. In this case, the FFT is primarily used to determine the phase shifts. Once we determined the phase shift and estimated the wave vectors to be consistent, we assert there are actual gravity waves being detected, not aliased tide signals or artifacts, which is shown by the consistent wave vectors in Figures 8(b) and 8(c). The derived two wave packets show different propagation directions and are consistent over certain altitude ranges, so we declare two possible waves are identified instead of two leaked signatures from the same wave. Figure 8(c) shows wave vectors (length = speed, orientation = azimuth) for the 1.6-hr wave. The wave vectors are very consistent, only below 91 km. If such a wave does not exist, the wave vector will be like those above 92 km in 8(c), showing random orientation (propagation azimuth) and length (phase speed). In summary, it is the consistent phase shift that helped us to confirm the existence of the wave.
(4) Regarding the novelty of this manuscript, we did not claim the calculation of the Ri, N2, and m2 from gravity wave parameters to be a big breakthrough, as they are indeed very routine methods based on linear gravity wave theory. However, we tried to advertise the cross-spectral method of deriving phase shifts that can be used to estimate full gravity wave parameters for this type of Na lidar. In this proposed method, we only assume the target waves are close to monochromatic waves, such as wave packets. In gravity wave observation, it is generally challenging to derive the horizontal and vertical wave parameters simultaneously unless multiple complementary instruments observe them simultaneously. In the past, people used the hodograph method to derive horizontal wave information for longer-period inertial gravity waves. This study provides a second possible method to derive horizontal wave information for medium-frequency gravity waves, which hopefully can make up some spectral gaps in observing gravity waves.
(5) Regarding the propagation error, we acknowledged that this old dataset from an old lidar system has relatively large errors, we estimated the uncertainties from the standard deviation of the results along altitudes. We determined two different gravity waves were identified from this old dataset and show all the related figures. The importance is to demonstrate the new method and we chose to present results as they are, at the same time, acknowledged the drawbacks. We hope newer lidar systems could provide better datasets to verify it.
(6) Regarding all the presented results about winds, we want to point out that this proposed method mainly relies on temperature measurements to derive all the gravity wave information. A theoretical limit prevents us from implementing the method on winds. We explained larger errors in winds and method limitations lead to less evident results in winds, and we already down-tuned all the discussions about winds. Most wind results are shown for completeness of the data. They are included in the Appendix, not meaning to be hidden.
-
AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1563', Anonymous Referee #2, 08 Nov 2023
Review of
“Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode”
by Cao and Liu, submitted to Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (egusphere-2023-1563).
In this manuscript, the authors present gravity events observed by a narrow-band sodium lidar on 14 January 2022 at Maui, Hawaii. A novel method based on cross-spectrum was applied to the lidar data to retrieve the full characteristics of the two wave packets that were identified. Propagation and dissipation of the waves were analyzed and discussed under the known background conditions as measured by the lidar. They found that t both wave packets propagate through multiple thin evanescent layers and are partially reflected but part of the energy still penetrate higher altitudes. They also used forward modelling to demonstrate the sensitivity of this novel method and concluded that it’s most sensitive to medium-scale, medium-frequency waves.
In general, the manuscript is well-written. The results are presented clearly and the conclusions are reasonable. The results and conclusions are scientifically significant as lidar is an important tool to investigate gravity waves, an important phenomenon that couples the whole atmosphere system.
I do have one question and I think the manuscript is publishable after it’s resolved. In the case where one have measurements in both zonal and meridional wind, another (and a very common) method to retrieve full characteristics (especially the intrinsic parameters) of GWs is the hodograph method. Given that in the lidar data, we do not know the ‘real’ parameters of the wave, it would be useful to compare the parameters of the waves using this novel method, and the hodograph method. Maybe no figures or anything but a comparison of the numbers will be significant.
Other editorial comments
Line 399, “As lidars usually provide measurements…” should be “As sodium resonance lidars usually provide…” since other lidar systems such as Rayleigh lidar or troposphere lidar can provide measurements in other ranges.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
We really appreciate the RC2 reviewer’s comments and suggestions. We provided the following feedback and revisions as reflected in the manuscript, all highlighted in bold font.
Review of “Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode” by Cao and Liu, submitted to Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (egusphere-2023-1563).
In this manuscript, the authors present gravity events observed by a narrow-band sodium lidar on 14 January 2022 at Maui, Hawaii. A novel method based on cross-spectrum was applied to the lidar data to retrieve the full characteristics of the two wave packets that were identified. Propagation and dissipation of the waves were analyzed and discussed under the known background conditions as measured by the lidar. They found that t both wave packets propagate through multiple thin evanescent layers and are partially reflected but part of the energy still penetrate higher altitudes. They also used forward modelling to demonstrate the sensitivity of this novel method and concluded that it’s most sensitive to medium-scale, medium-frequency waves.
In general, the manuscript is well-written. The results are presented clearly and the conclusions are reasonable. The results and conclusions are scientifically significant as lidar is an important tool to investigate gravity waves, an important phenomenon that couples the whole atmosphere system.
I do have one question and I think the manuscript is publishable after it’s resolved. In the case where one have measurements in both zonal and meridional wind, another (and a very common) method to retrieve full characteristics (especially the intrinsic parameters) of GWs is the hodograph method. Given that in the lidar data, we do not know the ‘real’ parameters of the wave, it would be useful to compare the parameters of the waves using this novel method, and the hodograph method. Maybe no figures or anything but a comparison of the numbers will be significant.
We actually tried the hodograph method in our analysis. However, we did not get consistent and convincing results. We attribute this to the following two reasons. First, it turns out the hodograph method mostly applies to the inertia gravity waves with longer periods that are comparable to the inertia period. At Maui (20° N), the inertia period is estimated to be 33.8 hours, while the retrieved waves in this study have periods of <3 hr. A ratio larger than 10 makes the hodograph method improper for the gravity waves identified in this study. Second, our method treats the observations retrieved from different laser beams as independent, and there are noticeable phase shifts among them, at least for targeted waves presented in this study. Therefore, the zonal winds (W and E) and meridional winds (N and S) are not at the same locations. To apply the hodograph method, we tried to correct the phase shift, but it turns out the uncertainties of the data made it hard to estimate a reliable phase from the winds, and also hard to apply hodograph analysis.
Even though we advertised our method as supplementary to the hodograph method to retrieve horizontal wave information, our method mostly applies to waves of shorter periods than inertia periods.
Other editorial comments
Line 399, “As lidars usually provide measurements…” should be “As sodium resonance lidars usually provide…” since other lidar systems such as Rayleigh lidar or troposphere lidar can provide measurements in other ranges.
In this context, we focus on the narrow-band resonance lidars that could be operated in multi-direction mode. We corrected this sentence to make it specifically about narrow-band sodium lidar targeting the mesosphere region.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-AC2
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1563', Anonymous Referee #1, 25 Aug 2023
In “Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode,” the authors suggest a new method using multi-direction temperature and wind results from sodium lidar to analyze gravity waves. A case study at Maui, Hawaii was used to illustrate the method's feasibility. Using lidar observation data, the authors get the parameters of the GWs, such as period, wavelength, propagation direction, and so on. The GWs’ propagation and dispersion conditions can also be calculated and well-explained with wave theory. In addition, the sensitive study has been presented to state that the method is suitable for medium-scale and medium-frequency GWs. Overall, this work presents a new and reliable idea for calculating the GWs parameter with the multi-direction measurement and is suitable for publishing after minor revision.
Minor comments:
- In Figure 6 and Figure 7, the sentence “Overlapped contours are the Richardson numbers with values 0.25 in blue and 0.5 in black.” There are no black contours in these 2 figures.
- Line 309, “In Figure 9(c) and 9(f), the relative wave amplitudes are estimated, assuming a unit amplitude at the lowest altitude.” What is the value of the unit amplitude?
- Line 393, “The retrieved phase shift shows an error of within 10 % for all periods and wavelengths shorter than 2000 km.” For the light blue line shown in the bottom of Figure 10, which wavelength is 1000 km, the phase shift error can reach 20%. Please check the sentence and make sure the statement is right or not.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
We really appreciate the RC1 reviewer’s comments and suggestions. The responses for each comment and question are provided here, highlighted in bold font, and corresponding revisions in the manuscript are also explicitly described.
In “Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode,” the authors suggest a new method using multi-direction temperature and wind results from sodium lidar to analyze gravity waves. A case study at Maui, Hawaii was used to illustrate the method's feasibility. Using lidar observation data, the authors get the parameters of the GWs, such as period, wavelength, propagation direction, and so on. The GWs’ propagation and dispersion conditions can also be calculated and well-explained with wave theory. In addition, the sensitive study has been presented to state that the method is suitable for medium-scale and medium-frequency GWs. Overall, this work presents a new and reliable idea for calculating the GWs parameter with the multi-direction measurement and is suitable for publishing after minor revision.
Minor comments:
In Figure 6 and Figure 7, the sentence “Overlapped contours are the Richardson numbers with values 0.25 in blue and 0.5 in black.” There are no black contours in these 2 figures.
Because the Ri=0.5 contours spread over a large area on the figure, it is originally plotted with much thinner contour lines so not to obscure the color shadowing in the background. In the revised manuscript, we updated the figure to make both the blue (Ri=0.25) and black (Ri=0.5) contours show up in the same width.
Line 309, “In Figure 9(c) and 9(f), the relative wave amplitudes are estimated, assuming a unit amplitude at the lowest altitude.” What is the value of the unit amplitude?
In this context, we calculated the theoretical wave amplitude variations considering the evanescence layers (exponential decay) and energy conservation (exponential growth). We focused on the relative changes of the wave amplitude, chose a unit or 1 K wave amplitude at the bottom, and estimated the wave amplitude at higher altitudes. We revised the manuscript to make it clear that the 1 K wave amplitude is chosen as the lowest amplitude for the calculation. Both Figures 9(c) and 9(f) are updated to be more precise.
Line 393, “The retrieved phase shift shows an error of within 10 % for all periods and wavelengths shorter than 2000 km.” For the light blue line shown in the bottom of Figure 10, which wavelength is 1000 km, the phase shift error can reach 20%. Please check the sentence and make sure the statement is right or not.
We agree with this point. The phase shift is much more sensitive to the errors. We corrected the statement that a typical 20 % percentage error is more proper for the phase shift for waves with wavelengths shorter than 2000 km.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-AC1
-
CC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1563', Lidar Scientist, 07 Sep 2023
A concerning aspect of this manuscript is that the data are “detrended” to remove the background, which is likely a large-scale wave or tide. This method lacks detailed description. However, it should be noted when a linear background is subtracted from a wave such as a tide, which is sinusoidal, the residual remains near the inflection of the tide creating a false perturbation.
Putting this aside, the methodology used to analyze the residuals (if we make the assumption these residuals are waves) is otherwise very concerning. I have provided reviews of this below in case the initial point is not enough.
Unfortunately, the improper use of multiple filters, FFTs, and detrending make it difficult to discern what is actually present in the dataset versus what is an introduced artifact or noise. The color plots are interpolated as well, which is problematic for the coarse resolution of data used.
Additionally, there is no propagation of error analysis included in the calculations. The errors associated with Ri and, N^2, and m^2 are expected to be quite large, possibly even so large that these calculated values are irrelevant.
While the equations used to calculate Ri, N^2, and wave parameters such as horizontal phase speed are correct, applying these equations to data is not a novel technique and has been published many times before. The methodology used to extract data in tables 1 and 2 is not provided or clearly justified.
Specific comments are included below:
Line 144 “The detrended temperature measurements in different directions are shown in Figure 2”
What sort of detrending method was used? Why are the original data not being shown here? Detrending in the presence of a sharp tidal structure can cause the appearance of a perturbation.
Line 145 “Abundant wave components of various periods are identified from measurements of all directions, and distinct downward phase progression is seen in the perturbations, which implies an upward wave propagation.”
Are these “abundant wave components” or noise?
Line 147 “A strong peak is found at around 90 km altitude from 09:00 UT onwards”
The “peak” at 90km is not in agreement with figure 4, which shows all sorts spectral power at a range of altitudes and not necessarily a peak at 90km.
Line 148-150 “The wave patterns of the perturbations in different directions are very similar, so they are likely the same wave packets spreading a larger area and captured by the laser beams in different directions. Closely inspecting the wave pattern (crests and troughs) in different directions, some shifts in time could be noticed, which are the results of the spatial separation of laser beams in different directions.”
What sort of scientific interpretation was used to come to this conclusion? How are you coming to the conclusion that the perturbations are “similar” and “likely the same wave packets spreading a larger area.” There appears to be a jump in temperature between 9-10UT, but it is unclear what the background temperatures are and whether this is an artifact or real.
Line 150-152 “The detrended perturbations of different wind components are shown in Figure 3, similar wave patterns with a downward phase progression can be identified in zonal and meridional winds, with an amplitude of up to 20 ms−1.”
This is not readily apparent. The data shown are quite noisy. Again, the readers are not shown the original data before detrending, so there may be an artifact here.
Line 153-54 “The wave pattern is still clear in the vertical wind perturbation, with an amplitude +/-2 ms−1. However, the downward phase progression is less evident. This is likely due to the magnitude of perturbation being equal to or less than the uncertainty of vertical winds.”
This statement is problematic for multiple reasons. First, there is a wave apparent in w’ provided by the authors, but with different periods than what is shown in the other plots. So, “the wave pattern is still clear” is not relevant. “The downward phase progression is less evident” implies there is a downward phase progression that can be observed, but then it is stated that it is likely the magnitude of the perturbation is equal to or less than the uncertainty of vertical winds. What is being claimed here?
Line 159 “Figure 4 shows the spectra of temperature perturbation in
five directions, which all show a similar pattern. The average spectrum of all five directions is shown in the upper right corner.”
This is extremely misleading. The dataset shown in figure 2 has a lot of noise structure on the order of 30 minutes to a few hours without any coherent structure. Of course applying a Fourier analysis is going to show spectral power associated with periods of one to a few hours, but this does not mean it is an actual wave. Furthermore, the dataset shown is only 4.5 hours, with an interpolation of 6 minutes. In reality, data in the off-zenith direction has an effective resolution of 10.2 minutes. So while waves with a 20 minute period could technically be detected, noise can also be observed on the order of 20 minute periods or greater.
What is most misleading about Fig 4 is the interpolation in the plots. Based on the dataset used (6:30-11UT) being 4.5 hours and an interpolation of 6 minutes (so sampling frequency of 10 points/hr), the highest frequency possible should be ~.222/hr or 4.5 hours (the length of the dataset). But the plot shows 6.4hr, 3.2hr, and 1.6hr points. Is the dataset used actually longer? Was zero padding used? Also, it is very important to point out here that there are a limited number of datapoints at these low frequencies. The plots shown in Fig 4 are heavily interpolated when in reality there are just a few data points at the lower frequencies for each altitude. Also noise can be easily interpreted as a wave. There is not necessarily coherence between the perturbations at each altitude, and the FFT could also be sensitive to noise or artifacts from detrending.
Line 161 “Overall, there exist two prominent peaks; one has a period of about 3.2-hr and the
other one about 1.6 hr.”
No, these are just two adjacent data points in an FFT and NOT two distinct peaks. Yes, the dataset has spectral power in this frequency range which does not necessarily imply a gravity wave with a specific period.
Line 165: “Overall, there exist two prominent peaks; one has a period of about 3.2-hr and the
other one about 1.6 hr.”
Given the short length of the dataset and the sampling resolution, it would be extremely difficult to distinguish these two periods from each other.
Line 169 “Two spectral peaks are quite close in the frequency domain, so we used Chebyshev type II filters with flat passband and steep transition to stopband.”
Yes, these are indeed quite close spectrally, and given the short length of the dataset and the coarse resolution, it would be difficult to distinguish the two peaks using a filter. One must consider the effective resolution of the dataset. Essentially, at the sampling resolution used of 6 minutes (its technically 10, but data were interpolated), and the length of the dataset being 4.5 hours, your frequency resolution is 0.222 hr^-1. The author is attempting to distinguish between 0.625hr^-1 and 0.3125 hr^-1. The frequency resolution does not permit the application of a filter that can separate these two waves.
Line 170: “To filter out the 1.6-hr wave component, the cut-off period of a high-pass filter is selected as 2.2-hr (0.46 hr−1). To separate the background state from two wave components, the cut-off period of a low-pass filter is selected to be 6-hr (0.17 hr−1).”
The sampling resolution and length of the dataset would not permit this. The dataset is not even 6 hours. Also, weren’t the data already detrended?
Additionally, applying a filter to a dataset, especially a sharp cutoff filter can create ringing and edge effects, which would make waves appear in the filtered data that aren’t real.
Line 172-173: “To fully understand the propagation condition of waves, the background atmosphere states were analyzed. Figures 5(a)–5(c) show the background temperature T0, zonal wind u0 and meridional wind v0 retrieved by low-pass filtering as defined above.”
What was described above was incorrect use of a filter to attempt to retrieve long period waves from a short dataset. Its not clear how the background is now obtained, especially since the waves in question were retrieved using a “detrending.”
Line 174-175: “The background atmosphere states show clear modulation of tides, as shown by a slow downward phase progression in both temperature and winds.”
Yes, the background atmosphere does have tides, and filtering effects or detrending can cause artifacts in these tidal regions that can be misinterpreted as waves. It is difficult to tell without seeing the original data, and these should be shown in addition to these “background” data.
Figure 5 and line 185: The calculation of N^2 and Ri requires the use of multiple data points and when accounting for propagation of error, these errors can be quite high. What is the error associated with the calculated Ri and N^2?
Looking at plot A1, the wind error at best is 5m/s for the off zenith beams (U, V measurements), 15m/s at 100km, and 30m/s at 105km. To calculate Ri, two points are used to calculate dU/dz and two points are used to calculate dV/dz. Even with averaging, this would result in quite a large error, especially at higher altitudes.
Furthermore, parameters such as Ri and N^2 are parameters associated with the atmosphere itself including all waves and features. Generally, a GW propagating through the atmosphere itself generates regions of low Ri and N^2, not necessarily the “background state.” These calculations are not only problematic due to the significant errors, but they are not relevant as they are based on a heavily filtered background that does not include all of the localized dynamics which determine Ri and N^2.
Figure 6 and 7: As previously discussed, there are issues with the filters applied to the data here.
Line 176: “and there is a clam layer around 90km”
What does this mean?
Line 193: “However, the long-period (3.2-hr) wave effectively acts as the background for the shorter-period (1.6-hr) wave.”
Again, this dataset cannot resolve a separate 3.2 and 1.6 hr wave based on the number of samples and length of the dataset. Effectively, these two periods are two adjacent data points in the frequency domain, and one would expect a power spectral density with higher power for lower frequencies to exist in the mesosphere in general. Even zero padding will not change this, as it is merely an interpolation in the frequency domain. If a sharp filter is applied essentially only allowing 1 or 2 points in a spectrum of noise, then what results is a wave. This does not mean a wave is present.
Figure 6: The artifact that may have arisen due to filtering and tidal removal is being referred to as a 3.35 hour wave, although an entire period of the “3.35 hr wave” isn’t readily visible over the 4.5 hour dataset.
Line 202: “After applying the desired filters on the temperature and wind perturbations, the two dominant wave components are isolated.”
What filters? This analysis appears to isolate two different Fourier components associated with the background noise spectrum.
Line 203-204: “Using the improved spectral peak determination method, the exact periods of the two dominant components are determined to be 3.35 hr (0.2986 hr−1) and 1.63 hr (0.6148 hr−1).”
What is the “improved spectral peak determination method.” These aren’t peaks. They are two adjacent points in the frequency domain for the given dataset.
Lines 205-215: Aside from the concerning heavily filtered data, and the contour plot that has an interpolation associated with it, it is also important to note that outside one region between 9-11UT and 87-92km in a few of the plots in Fig 7, many of these perturbations are close to the noise of the temperature measurements. The perturbations are mostly just a few K, which is also the noise associated with T between 85-95km. Note that above 100km, the noise drastically increases from 5K to 15K at 105km. Likely the data above 100km in altitude are noise.
Interestingly, the plots of the filtered winds are hidden in the appendix A3 and A4 plots with a dotted line drawn on which does not appear to follow any mathematical or analytical methodology to placement other than an attempt to convince the reader that there is a phase progression that is not actually apparent in the data.
Line 218: “The wave signatures of both components are evident in the horizontal winds with the visible downward phase progression”
No, the downward phase progression is not readily visible.
Line 218-219: “and the node structure is clear in the vertical direction with at least two maxima at different altitudes.”
The vertical winds are plotted on an axis range from -2.5 to 2.5 m/s, which is below the noise of the wind measurements even in the best cases.
Lines 220-225: While there is discussion of waves in the wind data, the waves are not apparent from the plots provided.
Line 235-240: Assuming that the parameters used for the waves are not noise or artifacts arising from detrending or improper filtering, there were clearly many assumptions that would go in to a calculation of phase speed. How were the propagation azimuth and phase speed determined?
Lines 240-245: “The horizontal wavelength wave #1 and wave #2 are estimated to be around 975 km and 438
km, both with a ∼20%uncertainty. The propagation azimuth angles are estimated to be 299◦ and 233◦ for two waves, both with a 15◦–20◦ uncertainties. These wavelengths and azimuths correspond to phase shifts of -32◦ and 18◦ between measurements of E-W and N-S for wave #1, and phase shifts of -65◦ and -49◦ for wave #2.”
Again, there are no details on how these calculations were made, what the assumptions were, and how the uncertainty was determined.
Tab1e 1: No information is given on how these parameters were calculated.
Line 260: “When the atmosphere is treatedas incompressible and background temperature varies slowly within the vertical wavelength of the wave, we have cs →∞and dHs/dz →0.”
This is not a valid assumption, the speed of sound does not go to infinity (although this was mentioned 20 years ago in the Fritts and Alexander 2003 paper).
Section 3.3 Wave Diagnosis:
The math here is not new, and has been used in observational analysis in many other publications. The calculations presented here use GW parameters that were determined in the previous section of the manuscript. As previously mentioned in this review, it is not clear that these are real waves. What is also problematic here is the calculation m^2. There is no noise calculation or propagation of error, which is presumably very high. The value of u is used multiple times in the chosen dispersion relation, each time with an associated error.
Furthermore, there is mention of “layered structures for both waves, potentially creating ducts for the gravity waves.” Based on Figure 9, these layers are very small, just a few km in altitude, so it seems strange that these would create a duct for GWs that, according to Tab1e 1 have vertical wavelengths >20km.
More derived parameters are provided in Table 2, and again, there is no discussion of how these parameters are obtained. Despite u’ and v’ not being readily apparent in the provided plots, these are somehow included in a calculation necessary for the parameters presented in Table 2.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-CC1 -
AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
We really appreciated the community reviewer's efforts in reviewing our manuscript and providing many useful comments and suggestions. Here, we provided detailed responses to all the comments and questions. If any revisions are made to address them in the manuscript, they are described here as well. Multiple comments are about very similar topics, such as the methods and authenticity of the waves. We will address some key comments and concerns at the beginning and respond to other comments in later sections. Due to the size limit, all the figures are only included in the PDF attachment, where the complete responses can be found, including everything listed here.
(1) Regarding the methodology, this study presents a new method to derive the gravity wave horizontal information from Na lidar observations. To clarify the method, we add an extra subfigure in Figure 1(b), showing the simulated time series with phase shift or difference at three different locations (East, Zenith, West). The small phase shift is due to a spatial separation of ~50 km between laser beams at Z and E/W at 90 km altitude. In summary, we tried to identify this small phase shift (or phase differences) from the observations (time series) in different directions. Then, we can derive the horizontal wavelength and propagation direction from the phase shifts in the E-W and N-S directions. We have detailed descriptions of the proposed methods in Section 2. The implementation of the method is mathematically simple. First, apply some interpolation, the phase shift is derived from the cross-spectrum of two time series. Then the wave parameters (horizontal wavelength, phase speed, and propagation azimuth) are calculated from the phase shift based on equations (5) and (6) in Section 2. Next, the whole process is repeated for data of all the altitudes. The whole process can be simply described as: two time series -> interpolation -> cross-spectrum -> phase shift -> wavelength/wavenumber -> wave speed -> wave vector.
(2) Regarding the authenticity of the derived waves, we acknowledged several times the existence of spectral leakage due to limited data samples and coarse resolution in the manuscript. We used caution in each step to make sure the wave signatures are real. Our method did not only rely on the FFT-retrieved wave amplitude/period but also depended on the consistent phase shifts in the time series, and the phase shift must satisfy the wave propagation features. We declared that the retrieved perturbations were actual wave signatures, not aliased signals from tide residuals or artifacts of random noise, only after we identified consistent phase shifts in the time series and derived consistent wave vectors. As the reviewer pointed out, multiple methods were implemented in the data processing, including interpolation, filtering, and FFT. They are carried out independently on the measurements from different directions. After these procedures, the phase shift, like Figure 1(b), shows up in the time series at different altitudes, and the phase shift follows the propagation feature, like W->Z->E and N->Z->S, so we believe that they are not artifacts or random noises. Our main arguments are: (1) the atmospheric tides have very large horizontal scales and would not generate a noticeable phase shift within a 100 km distance (also see latter sensitivity analysis on wave scales). (2) the probability of random noise shown in five directions and associated with consistent phase shift, is close to zero. (3) even if the spectral peaks are not very accurate, they should be very close to the true values for wave packets, and the phase shift of the wave packet will still be prominent.
To support these arguments, we attached a figure (right below) of the time series of the 1.6-hour wave at 90 km after filtering. Just like the ones shown in the simulations in Figure 1(b), clear phase shifts can be seen in the measurements from different directions. The wavefront moves in the directions of E->Z->W and N->Z->S. The perturbation amplitudes reach about 8 K and 10 m/s in temperature and winds. Please note that the circles of different colors demonstrate the raw measurements before any interpolation is applied in the time domain. With the raw 5-min or 10-min resolution, we can resolve the phase shifts of a 1.6-hr and 3.2-hr wave.
To recap, we have the following evidence to support the authenticity of the waves: (1) perturbations with noticeable phase shifts in the time domain (Figure 6/7), (2) consistent peaks in the spectral domain (Figure 4), and (3) consistent wave vectors over the altitude range (Figure 8b/8c).
(3) Regarding the potential spectral leakage, we acknowledged the limited data samples could bring uncertainty in the spectral peaks. So, we tried our best and used caution at every step to eliminate the artifacts. First, we examined the temperature and wind perturbations in the time domain, and almost confirmed the existence of the waves and estimated the wave periods. In this case, the FFT is primarily used to determine the phase shifts. Once we determined the phase shift and estimated the wave vectors to be consistent, we assert there are actual gravity waves being detected, not aliased tide signals or artifacts, which is shown by the consistent wave vectors in Figures 8(b) and 8(c). The derived two wave packets show different propagation directions and are consistent over certain altitude ranges, so we declare two possible waves are identified instead of two leaked signatures from the same wave. Figure 8(c) shows wave vectors (length = speed, orientation = azimuth) for the 1.6-hr wave. The wave vectors are very consistent, only below 91 km. If such a wave does not exist, the wave vector will be like those above 92 km in 8(c), showing random orientation (propagation azimuth) and length (phase speed). In summary, it is the consistent phase shift that helped us to confirm the existence of the wave.
(4) Regarding the novelty of this manuscript, we did not claim the calculation of the Ri, N2, and m2 from gravity wave parameters to be a big breakthrough, as they are indeed very routine methods based on linear gravity wave theory. However, we tried to advertise the cross-spectral method of deriving phase shifts that can be used to estimate full gravity wave parameters for this type of Na lidar. In this proposed method, we only assume the target waves are close to monochromatic waves, such as wave packets. In gravity wave observation, it is generally challenging to derive the horizontal and vertical wave parameters simultaneously unless multiple complementary instruments observe them simultaneously. In the past, people used the hodograph method to derive horizontal wave information for longer-period inertial gravity waves. This study provides a second possible method to derive horizontal wave information for medium-frequency gravity waves, which hopefully can make up some spectral gaps in observing gravity waves.
(5) Regarding the propagation error, we acknowledged that this old dataset from an old lidar system has relatively large errors, we estimated the uncertainties from the standard deviation of the results along altitudes. We determined two different gravity waves were identified from this old dataset and show all the related figures. The importance is to demonstrate the new method and we chose to present results as they are, at the same time, acknowledged the drawbacks. We hope newer lidar systems could provide better datasets to verify it.
(6) Regarding all the presented results about winds, we want to point out that this proposed method mainly relies on temperature measurements to derive all the gravity wave information. A theoretical limit prevents us from implementing the method on winds. We explained larger errors in winds and method limitations lead to less evident results in winds, and we already down-tuned all the discussions about winds. Most wind results are shown for completeness of the data. They are included in the Appendix, not meaning to be hidden.
-
AC3: 'Reply on CC1', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1563', Anonymous Referee #2, 08 Nov 2023
Review of
“Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode”
by Cao and Liu, submitted to Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (egusphere-2023-1563).
In this manuscript, the authors present gravity events observed by a narrow-band sodium lidar on 14 January 2022 at Maui, Hawaii. A novel method based on cross-spectrum was applied to the lidar data to retrieve the full characteristics of the two wave packets that were identified. Propagation and dissipation of the waves were analyzed and discussed under the known background conditions as measured by the lidar. They found that t both wave packets propagate through multiple thin evanescent layers and are partially reflected but part of the energy still penetrate higher altitudes. They also used forward modelling to demonstrate the sensitivity of this novel method and concluded that it’s most sensitive to medium-scale, medium-frequency waves.
In general, the manuscript is well-written. The results are presented clearly and the conclusions are reasonable. The results and conclusions are scientifically significant as lidar is an important tool to investigate gravity waves, an important phenomenon that couples the whole atmosphere system.
I do have one question and I think the manuscript is publishable after it’s resolved. In the case where one have measurements in both zonal and meridional wind, another (and a very common) method to retrieve full characteristics (especially the intrinsic parameters) of GWs is the hodograph method. Given that in the lidar data, we do not know the ‘real’ parameters of the wave, it would be useful to compare the parameters of the waves using this novel method, and the hodograph method. Maybe no figures or anything but a comparison of the numbers will be significant.
Other editorial comments
Line 399, “As lidars usually provide measurements…” should be “As sodium resonance lidars usually provide…” since other lidar systems such as Rayleigh lidar or troposphere lidar can provide measurements in other ranges.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-RC2 -
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
We really appreciate the RC2 reviewer’s comments and suggestions. We provided the following feedback and revisions as reflected in the manuscript, all highlighted in bold font.
Review of “Investigation of Gravity Waves using Measurements from a Sodium Temperature/Wind Lidar Operated in Multi-Direction Mode” by Cao and Liu, submitted to Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (egusphere-2023-1563).
In this manuscript, the authors present gravity events observed by a narrow-band sodium lidar on 14 January 2022 at Maui, Hawaii. A novel method based on cross-spectrum was applied to the lidar data to retrieve the full characteristics of the two wave packets that were identified. Propagation and dissipation of the waves were analyzed and discussed under the known background conditions as measured by the lidar. They found that t both wave packets propagate through multiple thin evanescent layers and are partially reflected but part of the energy still penetrate higher altitudes. They also used forward modelling to demonstrate the sensitivity of this novel method and concluded that it’s most sensitive to medium-scale, medium-frequency waves.
In general, the manuscript is well-written. The results are presented clearly and the conclusions are reasonable. The results and conclusions are scientifically significant as lidar is an important tool to investigate gravity waves, an important phenomenon that couples the whole atmosphere system.
I do have one question and I think the manuscript is publishable after it’s resolved. In the case where one have measurements in both zonal and meridional wind, another (and a very common) method to retrieve full characteristics (especially the intrinsic parameters) of GWs is the hodograph method. Given that in the lidar data, we do not know the ‘real’ parameters of the wave, it would be useful to compare the parameters of the waves using this novel method, and the hodograph method. Maybe no figures or anything but a comparison of the numbers will be significant.
We actually tried the hodograph method in our analysis. However, we did not get consistent and convincing results. We attribute this to the following two reasons. First, it turns out the hodograph method mostly applies to the inertia gravity waves with longer periods that are comparable to the inertia period. At Maui (20° N), the inertia period is estimated to be 33.8 hours, while the retrieved waves in this study have periods of <3 hr. A ratio larger than 10 makes the hodograph method improper for the gravity waves identified in this study. Second, our method treats the observations retrieved from different laser beams as independent, and there are noticeable phase shifts among them, at least for targeted waves presented in this study. Therefore, the zonal winds (W and E) and meridional winds (N and S) are not at the same locations. To apply the hodograph method, we tried to correct the phase shift, but it turns out the uncertainties of the data made it hard to estimate a reliable phase from the winds, and also hard to apply hodograph analysis.
Even though we advertised our method as supplementary to the hodograph method to retrieve horizontal wave information, our method mostly applies to waves of shorter periods than inertia periods.
Other editorial comments
Line 399, “As lidars usually provide measurements…” should be “As sodium resonance lidars usually provide…” since other lidar systems such as Rayleigh lidar or troposphere lidar can provide measurements in other ranges.
In this context, we focus on the narrow-band resonance lidars that could be operated in multi-direction mode. We corrected this sentence to make it specifically about narrow-band sodium lidar targeting the mesosphere region.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1563-AC2
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Bing Cao, 19 Dec 2023
Peer review completion
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Viewed
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 410 | 139 | 40 | 589 | 16 | 16 |
- HTML: 410
- PDF: 139
- XML: 40
- Total: 589
- BibTeX: 16
- EndNote: 16
Viewed (geographical distribution)
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1
Alan Z. Liu
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
- Preprint
(15442 KB) - Metadata XML