Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1194
https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1194
06 Jul 2023
 | 06 Jul 2023

The contribution of residential wood combustion to the PM2.5 concentrations in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area

Leena Kangas, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mari Kauhaniemi, Kari Riikonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Ari Karppinen

Abstract. This article has investigated the contribution of residential wood combustion (RWC) to the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA) for six years, from 2009 to 2014. We have used the PM2.5 concentrations measured at eight air quality measurement stations. The dispersion of emissions on an urban scale was evaluated with multiple source Gaussian dispersion models UDM-FMI and CAR-FMI, and on a regional scale using the chemical transport model SILAM. The overall agreement of the predicted concentrations with measurements of PM2.5 was good or fairly good for all stations and years, e.g., at the permanent residential station the daily average values of the index of agreement ranged from 0.69 to 0.81, and the fractional bias values ranged from −0.08 to 0.11, for the considered six years. Both the measured and predicted daily averaged concentrations showed increasing trends towards the lower temperature values. The highest predicted annual averaged concentrations in the region occurred in the vicinity of major roads and streets, and the suburban residential areas, to the northwest, north and northeast of the city centre. The average concentrations attributed to RWC in winter were up to 10- or 15-fold, compared to the corresponding concentrations in summer. During the considered six-yearly period, the spatially highest predicted fractions of RWC of the annual PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 12 to 14 %. In winter, the corresponding contributions ranged from 16 to 21 %. The RWC contribution was higher than the corresponding urban vehicular traffic contribution at all the residential stations during all years. The study has highlighted new research needs for the future, in particular (i) the modelling of the RWC emissions that would be explicitly based on the actual ambient temperatures, and (ii) the modelling of the impacts of the most important holiday periods on the emissions from RWC.

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Journal article(s) based on this preprint

31 Jan 2024
The contribution of residential wood combustion to the PM2.5 concentrations in the Helsinki metropolitan area
Leena Kangas, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mari Kauhaniemi, Kari Riikonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Ari Karppinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1489–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Leena Kangas, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mari Kauhaniemi, Kari Riikonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Ari Karppinen

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1194', Anonymous Referee #1, 26 Sep 2023
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1194', Anonymous Referee #2, 17 Oct 2023
  • AC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1194', Leena Kangas, 28 Nov 2023

Interactive discussion

Status: closed

Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse
  • RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1194', Anonymous Referee #1, 26 Sep 2023
  • RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1194', Anonymous Referee #2, 17 Oct 2023
  • AC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1194', Leena Kangas, 28 Nov 2023

Peer review completion

AR: Author's response | RR: Referee report | ED: Editor decision | EF: Editorial file upload
AR by Leena Kangas on behalf of the Authors (28 Nov 2023)  Author's response   Author's tracked changes   Manuscript 
ED: Publish as is (11 Dec 2023) by Samara Carbone
AR by Leena Kangas on behalf of the Authors (12 Dec 2023)

Journal article(s) based on this preprint

31 Jan 2024
The contribution of residential wood combustion to the PM2.5 concentrations in the Helsinki metropolitan area
Leena Kangas, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mari Kauhaniemi, Kari Riikonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Ari Karppinen
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 24, 1489–1507, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024,https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-24-1489-2024, 2024
Short summary
Leena Kangas, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mari Kauhaniemi, Kari Riikonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Ari Karppinen
Leena Kangas, Jaakko Kukkonen, Mari Kauhaniemi, Kari Riikonen, Mikhail Sofiev, Anu Kousa, Jarkko V. Niemi, and Ari Karppinen

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Short summary
Residential wood combustion is a major source of fine particulate matter. This study has evaluated the contribution of residential wood combustion to fine particle concentrations, and its year-to-year and seasonal variation in Helsinki Metropolitan Area. The average concentrations attributed to wood combustion in winter were up to 10- or 15-fold, compared to summer. Wood combustion caused 12 to 14 % of annual fine particle concentrations. In winter, the contribution ranged from 16 to 21 %.