the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Influence of fast ice on future ice shelf melting in the Totten Glacier area, East Antarctica
- 1Earth and Life Institute, Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- 2Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
- 1Earth and Life Institute, Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- 2Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
Abstract. The Totten Glacier in East Antarctica is of major climatic interest because of the large fluctuations of its grounding line and potential vulnerability to climate change. Here, we use a series of high-resolution, regional NEMO-LIM-based experiments, which include an explicit treatment of ocean–ice shelf interactions as well as a representation of grounded icebergs and fast ice, to investigate the changes in ocean–ice interactions in the Totten Glacier area between the last decades (1995–2014) and the end of the 21st century (2081–2100) under SSP4–4.5 climate change conditions. By the end of the 21st century, the wide areas of multiyear fast ice simulated in the recent past are replaced by small patches of first year fast ice along the coast, which decreases the total summer sea ice extent. The Antarctic Slope Current is accelerated by more than 90 % and the Totten ice shelf melt rate is increased by 41 % due to enhanced warm water intrusions into its cavity. The representation of fast ice dampens the ice shelf melt rate increase, as the Totten ice shelf melt rate increase reaches 58 % when fast ice is not taken into account. The Moscow University ice shelf melt rate increase is even more impacted by the representation of fast ice, with a 1 % melt rate increase with fast ice, compared to a 38 % increase without a fast ice representation. This highlights the importance of including representation of fast ice to simulate realistic ice shelf melt rate increase in East Antarctica under warming conditions.
Guillian Van Achter et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-94', Anonymous Referee #1, 17 May 2022
Review comments for "Influence of fast ice on future ice shelf melting in the Totten Glacier area, East Antarctica" by Van Achter et al. ï¼egusphere-2022-94 for TC).
General comments
This study used a high-resolution (2km) regional ocean-sea ice-ice shelf model to investigate the responses of landfast ice, sea ice, ice-shelf basal melt, and ocean around the Totten Ice Shelf (TIS) to a future warming climate scenario (SSP4-4.5). The novelty of this study is applying the prognostic fast ice component that the authors developed as a part of a sea-ice model component in their previous study. Although I have several concerns and suggestions, I think that this paper will be suitable for publishing in The Cryosphere after substantial revision.Specific comments
1. [Major] L9-11 "The representation of fast ice ..."and discussions with Table 2.
This study concludes that the response of ice-shelf basal melting at the Totten Glacier becomes prominent in the experiments with landfast ice, compared to those without landfast ice. I think that the conclusion is slightly misleading. The areal extent of fast ice becomes small under the future warming condition, and there are no significant differences in the Totten Glacier melting between the numerical experiments with and without fast ice. A large difference in the TIS basal melting is only found in the present-day (1995-2014) condition, creating the tendency in the experiments with and without fast ice.2. [Major] The literature, Pelle et al. (2021), used a high emission scenario, but this study used the moderate one, SSP4-4.5, without any explanation/motivation. If possible, I strongly recommend performing additional experiments under high emission scenarios to compare the previous study and obtain more solid results under warming climates.
3. [Major] Which forcing drives the future changes in fast ice, sea ice, and ocean fields, atmospheric forcing or ocean forcing? Additional experiments to separate the effects and analyses on them are helpful for readers.
4. [Major] L110-112
I don't think that the two-year spin-up is enough to obtain the quasi-steady states in oceanic variables. In fact, large declining trends in ice-shelf basal melting are found in the first seven years (Figs. 7 and 8). Are these model drift or interannual variability? To avoid including (or decreasing) the model drift signals, results from the second cycle (after the first cycle of the 20-year run) are preferable.5. [Major] Pelle et al. (2021) pointed out that weakening of Antarctic Slope Front/Current is important for ice-ocean interaction in this region, but the lateral boundary condition in this study is the opposite (e.g., stronger slope current in the future). It is OK there are differences among the studies. This manuscript is a numerical modeling study, and thus I suggest that the author perform additional numerical experiments to identify the role of the strength of the slope current. It is also helpful to understand the difference between the studies.
6. [Major] L155-156 "This acceleration mainly results from the retreat of fast ice, ....". No evidence in the manuscript supports this sentence.
7. [Major] L161-170.
To examine the ASC intensification, some analyses of the climate model (EC-Earth3) on a wider scale are required. Since the ASC is a large-scale phenomenon, not only local wind but also wind over the remote Antarctic coastal regions becomes a driving force.8. [Major] L197-199 and L226-228
There are no results on sea ice production in the manuscript.9. [Major] I think spatial distributions related to the ice shelf/glacier basal melt rate are missing in the manuscript.
Technical corrections
10. Figure2: Where are the locations of these observations? There are unrealistic connections in the profiles (probably connecting lines between different locations?).11. Figures 5, 6, and 9: Please increase latitudes' tick marks (e.g., adding 65S and 67S if they are in the range).
12. Figure3: Please use a linear scale for the vertical scale. Line or shade showing bottom topography is required for panels a-c. A vertical line showing the model domain (63S) is also helpful.
13. Figure 4: Please consider adding 0.75 contours in panels a-b to allow readers to compare the observational result (Fig. 1).
14. Figure 6: Please consider adding contours of the bottom topography.
15. Figures 7 and 8: Please use the same vertical scales, at least for the same regions (TIS for panel a and MUIS for panel b).
16. L268-269: References are required.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Guillian Van Achter, 24 Aug 2022
Dear Referee,
Thank you for the time that you spent on our manuscript. On the attached pdf, you will find a summary of the changes that we made throughout the manuscript to address all your suggestions.
Yours sincerely,
On behalf of all the co-authors,
Guillian Van Achter
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Guillian Van Achter, 24 Aug 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-94', Anonymous Referee #2, 05 Jul 2022
Review of
Influence of fast ice on future ice shelf melting in the Totten Glacier area, East Antarctica
by
G. Van Achter, et al.
Summary:
The Antarctic ice sheet draining into the Southern Ocean via various marine terminating glaciers - aka ice shelves is the major future contributor to global sea level rise. Melting of ice shelves is often highly influenced by the sea-ice conditions at their fronts. This study is investigating the impact of landfast sea ice in front of the Totten and Moscow University ice shelves by using a state-of-the-art coupled numerical ocean-ice model that is regionalized to the wider region of these ice shelves. The investigation focuses on the difference in the ice shelf basal melt rates between recent decades (1995-2014) and the end of the 21st century (2081-2011) - hence investigating the influence of climate warming on the environmental (atmosphere, ocean, sea ice) conditions - with and without a prognostic fast ice coverage. The main outcomes of the study are i) presence of landfast sea ice increases melting rates for both ice shelves under current conditions, ii) climate warming triggers enhanced melting rates at the Totten but not the Moscow University Ice shelves, and iii) without landfast ice the increase in melting rates due to climate warming is larger than with landfast ice.I rate this as an appropriately well written study of a very interesting aspect. While the presentation of the figures and the material is mostly very clear, I have the impression - independent of what I wrote in my comments further below - that the manuscript would benefit from a careful reading and perhaps restructuring of the content of one or the other paragraph. One example is the one in lines 195-204. However, overall things seems sufficiently clear to me mostly. I have three general comments and only few specific and editoral comments.
General Comments:
GC1: The paper would benefit from an improved description of the physical processes that the authors expect to resolve with their study. While most of these come at a certain point in the description of the results and/or in the discussion, the readability of the paper as a whole would be greatly enhanced if the authors could come up with research hypotheses ... perhaps along the lines:
Climate warming leads to a reduction of the sea ice cover in the Southern Ocean and hence most likely to a reduction in the stability and duration of the landfast ice cover.
A reduction in landfast sea ice changes the atmosphere-ocean energy fluxes and can impact near-surface ocean currents and the vertical water mass structure.GC2: There is more in the data than the authors show and discuss. This begins with the differences in the standard deviations shown in Table 2 (why?), continues with little discussion of the temporal variability inherent in the time series of the melt rates (--> What happens in years 6 and 7?), and ends when it comes to incorporating observational datasets to enhance the credibility of some of the statements made - be it with respect to the design of the experiment (keyword ice bergs) or with respect to how realistic is the fast ice cover modeled / where are main ice production sites located.
GC3: Some of the points discussed would benefit from more illustrative figures - such as results obtained with nFST and nFST_WARM in the context of the winter sea ice concentration (and polynya location) or the near-surface ocean currents.
Specific comments:
L25-31: In these lines you refer to the effect of fast ice. While you partly differentiate between multiyear fast ice (L25) and seasonal fast ice (L30) it remains unclear whether there is difference in the impact of these two kinds. Would it make sense to be more clear here?In addition I am wondering whether it would make sense at this stage, to provide more details about the physical processes by which fast ice protects an ice shelf and/or changes water mass modification such that it has a notable impact on the development of the ice shelf. Describing these processes upfront would also help to understand whether and how the fast ice in the model leads to changes in the ice shelf; are the processes the same? How does a fast ice cover change the water mass properties? How does a fast ice cover protect the ice shelf boundary?
It seems that calving of ice bergs at the ice shelf boundary supported by the action of ocean swell is not among the processes you are taking into account. Is that correct? You could mention this here.
L51: I guess "Those models" refers to the models referred to in L48. Still, in order to estimate the importance (or size of the knowledge gap here) of not including fast ice it might be a good idea to mention about how many models we are talking here.
L102: Remaining questions I have with respect to the model:
- Does the model allow the water to have sub-freezing temperatures (see e.g. Haumann et al. 2020)?
- How does the model "grow" fast ice?
- How does the model treat ice shelf calving and generation of ice bergs?
- How does the model treat marine ice / platelet ice accretion underneath the ice shelf / the fast ice?Figure 4: In the caption you (correctly) write "sea ice concentration" whereas in the title of the panels your write "sea ice extent". This should be harmonized towards "sea ice concentration" or "sea ice area fraction".
Figure 5: In order to avoid readers trying to find the eastward transport associated with the ACC in panels a) and b) it might make sense to annotate more latitudes.
Please remind the reader your motivation to choose a transect (in panel d) that is at the far eastern boundary of your region of interest and therefore quite far away from both the gyre on the shelf and the TIS.L184: "more variable (+55%)" --> It is not clear to what you are referring to here? To the increase in the standard deviation?
Figure 7, panel a): What happened in years 6 and 7 in TIS? Why are melt rates so similar?
L198: "the presence of fast ice induces less sea ice production and more sea ice melt" --> I am not sure this global statement holds. I would think that it requires to take into account whether you are dealing with seasonal or multiyear fast ice, how far away the ice production sites are from the ice shelf boundaries and how efficient these are in the context of the production of the fast ice itself. It might be very illustrative to show two panels of the kind shown in Figure 4 e) and f) which back up your notion about the change in location of polynyas (and hence areas of high ice production).
L199: The causal link between enhanced upper ocean stratification and enhanced warm water intrusion should be made more clear. It is not immediately understandable. Perhaps it might make sense to show maps of the kind shown in Fig. 5 a), b) that illustrate the ocean currents. One of your earlier arguments was that a loss of fast ice between REF and WARM is responsible for the intensification of the Totten shelf gyre. I am wondering how this gyre looks like in nFST and nFST_WARM. From Figure 5 it is clear that during WARM there is substantially more water transport towards the TIS than during REF.
Table 2: What explains the switch from a lower standard deviation for 1995-2014 for the nFST cases compared to the higher standard deviation for 2081-2100 for the same cases?
L229/230: This might be in part triggered by the intensification of the Totten Shelf gyre, right? It might therefore make sense to come up with a number for the increase in water mass transport (in Sv) near the northeastern edge of the TIS between REF and WARM (see Fig. 5 a, b).
L254-256: "we were forced ... simulations" --> I am not on your page with this statement. There is at least one data set of ice berg distribution around Antarctica that covers more than just two months in a particular year. In addition, I'd say - if you are in doubt whether this limited data set suffices - you could at least compare your modeled fast ice extents in REF with fast ice derived from either MODIS or AMSR-E/2 satellite remote sensing observations. Should - within your period of interest - substantial differences occur in the location and stability of these ice bergs then I would assume that you would discover an increasing discrepancy between your model results and the observations. I would say this is simply about getting the correct data set to look at. Alex Fraser would be one point of contact; Nihashi Oshima another one.
Typos / editoral remarks:
L41: "will" --> Is this a definite change or is this rather something that could happen? Please re-phrease in case.L113: Please clarify whether Fig. 2b shows salinity profiles before or after bias correction.
L138: "winds anomaly" --> "wind anomalies" to match with "occur".
L146: Would it make sense to note that this first-year fast ice is at a different location?
L154: If we both look at the same gyre (there is only one) then this is the southern limb of the gyre that is amplified - as is even visible in the zonal transport at 66.6 deg S.
L158: "eastern" --> "eastward"
L168: "mostly function" --> "mostly a function"
L169: "This" --> "These"
L185: You could add that the variability even decreases.
L200: "disappears" --> I tend to say it shrinks but it does not disappear - at least not according to Figure 4.
L218: "to broader" --> "to a broader"
L226: "and a fast ice representation" --> I suggest to stress here one more time how accurate the this fast ice representation is compared to observations ... how accurate is it?
L231: And because there is no speed up of any currents nearby?
L241: "are similar by the end of the 21st century" --> This is valid for TIS but not for MUIS which shows a melt rate for nFST_WARM that is about 10% larger than for WARM. Especially if we see this in relation to the melt rates for TIS between REF and nFST which also differ by an order of 10%. I therefore suggest to rephrase this statement.
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AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Guillian Van Achter, 24 Aug 2022
Dear Referee,
Thank you for the time that you spent on our manuscript. In the attached pdf, you will find a summary of the changes that we
made throughout the manuscript to address all your suggestions.
Yours sincerely
On behalf of all the co-authors,
Guillian Van Achter
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Guillian Van Achter, 24 Aug 2022
Guillian Van Achter et al.
Guillian Van Achter et al.
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