the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 06 Dec 2022
Impacts of soil management and climate on saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity: analyses of the Open Tension-disk Infiltrometer Meta-database (OTIM)
Abstract. Saturated and near-saturated soil hydraulic conductivities Kh (mm.h-1) determine the partitioning of precipitation into surface runoff and infiltration and are fundamental to soils’ susceptibility to preferential flow. Recent studies have found indications that climate factors influence Kh, which is highly relevant in the face of climate change. In this study, we investigated relationships between pedo-climatic factors and Kh and also evaluated effects of land use and soil management. To this end, we collated the Open Tension-disk Infiltrometer Meta-database (OTIM), which contains 1297 individual data entries from 172 different publication sources. We analysed a spectrum of saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivities at matric potentials between 0 to 100 mm. We found that methodological details like the direction of the wetting sequence or the choice of method for calculating infiltration rates to hydraulic conductivities had a large impact on the results. We therefore restricted ourselves to a subset of 466 of the 1297 data entries with similar methodological approaches. Correlations between Ks and Kh at higher supply tensions decreased especially close to saturation, indicating a different flow mechanism at and very close to saturation as towards the dry end of the investigated tension range. Climate factors were better correlated to topsoil near-saturated hydraulic conductivities at supply tensions ≥ 30 mm than soil texture, bulk density and organic carbon content. We find it most likely that the climate variables are proxies for soil macropore networks created by respective biological activity, pedogenesis and climate specific land use and management choices. Due to incomplete documentation in the source publications of OTIM, we could investigate only a few land use types and agricultural management practices. Land use, tillage system and soil compaction significantly influenced Kh, with effect sizes appearing comparable to the ones of soil texture and soil organic carbon. The data in OTIM show experimental bias is present, introduced by the choice of measurement time relative to soil tillage, experimental design or data evaluation procedures. The establishment of best-practice rules for tension-disk infiltrometer measurements would therefore be helpful. Future studies are needed to investigate how climate shapes soil macropore networks and how land use and management can be adapted to improve soil hydraulic properties. Both tasks require large amounts of new measurement data with improved documentation on soil biology and land use and management history.
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Notice on discussion status
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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Preprint
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The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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- Final revised paper
Journal article(s) based on this preprint
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1295', Anonymous Referee #1, 15 Dec 2022
The authors presented a study evaluating the impact of soil management and climate on saturated and near saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by tension-disk infiltrometry. Therefore, the authors make use of an existing database and extended those by additional data published. In general, the topic well suits to HESS and has high relevance as the impact of climate and soil management on (mainly) saturated hydraulic conductivity has been discussed in recent papers but no such holistic analysis as those presented has been published yet. Even, as the authors pointed out, still climatic feedbacks on the (un) saturated hydraulic conductivity remain partly unresolved the results presented are a huge and important step forward. The manuscript is well written and structured and it was a please for me to read. I would like to get more articles in such an excellent shape on my desk to review. As the methodology is well described and the analysis is rigorous and detailed I would recommend minor revisions. Some minor points are listed below and some very minor ones can be found in the attached scan.
Line 57: ..soil with larger near-saturated K tend to generate less water flow in macropore networks…Maybe I got it wrong, but shouldn’t soil with lower near-saturated K generate less macropore flow. Or is this a question at which pressure head range you define macropore flow or near saturation K?
Line 65:….double ring infiltrometer methods….
Line 91:… and organic carbon as predictors for Ks.
Line 324: K100 should be introduced even if it should be K @ -100 cm I expect
Line 332: …in the wet range… should be above 70 mm I believe as we are in the negative range.
Table 4, 5 and 6: would be good to have the same colour coding for the Spearman rang correlation. Intuitively, I would use green as the best and red as the lowest but this is only a suggestion
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AC2: 'Reply on RC1', John Koestel, 23 Apr 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-1295/egusphere-2022-1295-AC2-supplement.pdf
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AC2: 'Reply on RC1', John Koestel, 23 Apr 2023
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RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1295', Paul J. Morris, 20 Mar 2023
This study presents a meta-analysis of published hydraulic conductivity (Kh) data for saturated and near-saturated soils. The analysis is detailed and seemingly rigorous, the spatial scale of the study is global, and the dataset is large. The authors show that factors such as climate, land use, tillage and compaction are skilful predictors of hydraulic conductivity, likely because they serve as proxies for soil macroporosity. In particular, it is instructive to see that such factors are better predictors of soil hydraulic properties than texture and density used in traditional pedotransfer functions. The authors also show that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at high tensions (low water contents) is not closely related to saturated hydraulic conductivity, as often assumed. The article is largely well written and is certainly within the scope of the journal. I believe it will be of interest to the readership. However, I have two main concerns about the presentation of the analysis that I recommend the authors should address before the article is published. Below, I also make some minor recommendations for presentation in the spirit of trying to help the authors improve their article.
MAIN COMMENTS
1) The introduction identifies several previous studies that have performed (meta-) analyses of large databases of soil hydraulic properties, and in many cases indicates that these studies included predictive equations (pedotransfer functions) that allow readers to estimate hydraulic properties of interest, such as Kh. The methods then describe in detail the construction and statistical analysis of the present dataset. I was surprised, therefore, that I couldn’t find anywhere in the current manuscript a new set of pedotransfer functions based on the authors’ analysis. The authors have gone to all the trouble of building, scrutineering and analysing a new database, but they don’t then provide the reader with a set of equations to implement the models. I couldn’t see regression coefficients (for example) in any tables or supplementary materials. I apologise if I have missed these somewhere, but if that’s the case then I would recommend better signposting. To me this is the main purpose of such a study – to allow readers to estimate hydraulic properties from simpler, cheaper measurements.
2) The figures caused me some issues, and will benefit from better labelling. Some figures I found to be illegible. I identify specific examples below, but taken as a whole the figures are currently confusing and do a poor job of illustrating some aspects of the results. This shouldn’t be hard to fix.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS
88-89: This may be true in mineral soils, but in peats we are starting to see pedotransfer functions for hydraulic conductivity with much greater explanatory power (r2 up to 0.75). I’m sorry for citing my own work in a review, but the authors may wish to have a quick look at this, which like their work, also uses things like climate as a proxy for soil developmental processes: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2022WR033181
Line 160: …data were… (plural)
165: Superscript 2
Fig. 1: Better labelling required here. What is the broken, vertical black line? What is the difference between the orange and blue series? Please make sure the figures and their captions stand alone as readable entities without tiresome repeated reference to the main text.
199: is the double equality (==) a typo? Or is it intended to indicate some kind of equivalence relationship? This needs clarifying or respecifying.
212: …data were… (plural)
Fig. 3: Despite studying this figure carefully, I eventually drew a blank. Panel (a) is clear enough, a histogram showing the frequency distribution of Kh measurements at different tensions, split into two subgroups (focus and other). Panel (b) is unreadable – we have the same horizontal axis for tension, but the vertical axis is unlabelled. What are these black bars, that look like a Gantt chart? Panel (c) is also unreadable, again because the vertical axis is unlabelled. It’s seemingly another frequency distribution, but we don’t know what the categories are. All the focus measurements are in the top category, so this is seemingly important, but the reader (and this reviewer) can’t tell what they are looking at. The caption doesn’t shed any light. Please clarify what this is.
Fig 4. The panels for the categorical variables have been rotated through 90 degrees, so that the bars run horizontally, whereas all the continuous variables have vertically aligned histograms. Why? This makes it hard to compare between the variables, and doesn’t seem to serve any purpose. Suggesting rotating the four left-hand panels so they have frequency on the vertical axes, like the other variables.
Section 2.3: Use of harmonic mean here makes more sense to me than a geometric mean. Geometric mean is used to resolve the average of vectors with different directions (e.g., calculating the average K from measurements in vertical and horizontal directions), whereas here the measurements are simply directionless repetitions, so harmonic mean seems more appropriate. In the end it probably makes little difference to the result, but given that the authors have raised the issue they ought to justify their choice.
319: “was” should be “were” (two items identified in the preceding list – the effect size and its error).
Fig. 5, 6, 7, 10: These all include insets without horizontal axis labels. The colours are the same as the scatterplot so the categories can be gained from that, but the reader is being made to work unnecessarily hard to make sense of what they’re looking at. A little labelling would help greatly. I think the histograms probably deserve their own dedicated panel with proper labels. Also, the tension ranges in the colour legends don’t have units.
Best wishes,
Paul Morris
University of Leeds, UK
20th March 2023
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1295-RC2 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC2', John Koestel, 23 Apr 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-1295/egusphere-2022-1295-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC2', John Koestel, 23 Apr 2023
Interactive discussion
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1295', Anonymous Referee #1, 15 Dec 2022
The authors presented a study evaluating the impact of soil management and climate on saturated and near saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by tension-disk infiltrometry. Therefore, the authors make use of an existing database and extended those by additional data published. In general, the topic well suits to HESS and has high relevance as the impact of climate and soil management on (mainly) saturated hydraulic conductivity has been discussed in recent papers but no such holistic analysis as those presented has been published yet. Even, as the authors pointed out, still climatic feedbacks on the (un) saturated hydraulic conductivity remain partly unresolved the results presented are a huge and important step forward. The manuscript is well written and structured and it was a please for me to read. I would like to get more articles in such an excellent shape on my desk to review. As the methodology is well described and the analysis is rigorous and detailed I would recommend minor revisions. Some minor points are listed below and some very minor ones can be found in the attached scan.
Line 57: ..soil with larger near-saturated K tend to generate less water flow in macropore networks…Maybe I got it wrong, but shouldn’t soil with lower near-saturated K generate less macropore flow. Or is this a question at which pressure head range you define macropore flow or near saturation K?
Line 65:….double ring infiltrometer methods….
Line 91:… and organic carbon as predictors for Ks.
Line 324: K100 should be introduced even if it should be K @ -100 cm I expect
Line 332: …in the wet range… should be above 70 mm I believe as we are in the negative range.
Table 4, 5 and 6: would be good to have the same colour coding for the Spearman rang correlation. Intuitively, I would use green as the best and red as the lowest but this is only a suggestion
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC1', John Koestel, 23 Apr 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-1295/egusphere-2022-1295-AC2-supplement.pdf
-
AC2: 'Reply on RC1', John Koestel, 23 Apr 2023
-
RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2022-1295', Paul J. Morris, 20 Mar 2023
This study presents a meta-analysis of published hydraulic conductivity (Kh) data for saturated and near-saturated soils. The analysis is detailed and seemingly rigorous, the spatial scale of the study is global, and the dataset is large. The authors show that factors such as climate, land use, tillage and compaction are skilful predictors of hydraulic conductivity, likely because they serve as proxies for soil macroporosity. In particular, it is instructive to see that such factors are better predictors of soil hydraulic properties than texture and density used in traditional pedotransfer functions. The authors also show that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at high tensions (low water contents) is not closely related to saturated hydraulic conductivity, as often assumed. The article is largely well written and is certainly within the scope of the journal. I believe it will be of interest to the readership. However, I have two main concerns about the presentation of the analysis that I recommend the authors should address before the article is published. Below, I also make some minor recommendations for presentation in the spirit of trying to help the authors improve their article.
MAIN COMMENTS
1) The introduction identifies several previous studies that have performed (meta-) analyses of large databases of soil hydraulic properties, and in many cases indicates that these studies included predictive equations (pedotransfer functions) that allow readers to estimate hydraulic properties of interest, such as Kh. The methods then describe in detail the construction and statistical analysis of the present dataset. I was surprised, therefore, that I couldn’t find anywhere in the current manuscript a new set of pedotransfer functions based on the authors’ analysis. The authors have gone to all the trouble of building, scrutineering and analysing a new database, but they don’t then provide the reader with a set of equations to implement the models. I couldn’t see regression coefficients (for example) in any tables or supplementary materials. I apologise if I have missed these somewhere, but if that’s the case then I would recommend better signposting. To me this is the main purpose of such a study – to allow readers to estimate hydraulic properties from simpler, cheaper measurements.
2) The figures caused me some issues, and will benefit from better labelling. Some figures I found to be illegible. I identify specific examples below, but taken as a whole the figures are currently confusing and do a poor job of illustrating some aspects of the results. This shouldn’t be hard to fix.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS
88-89: This may be true in mineral soils, but in peats we are starting to see pedotransfer functions for hydraulic conductivity with much greater explanatory power (r2 up to 0.75). I’m sorry for citing my own work in a review, but the authors may wish to have a quick look at this, which like their work, also uses things like climate as a proxy for soil developmental processes: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2022WR033181
Line 160: …data were… (plural)
165: Superscript 2
Fig. 1: Better labelling required here. What is the broken, vertical black line? What is the difference between the orange and blue series? Please make sure the figures and their captions stand alone as readable entities without tiresome repeated reference to the main text.
199: is the double equality (==) a typo? Or is it intended to indicate some kind of equivalence relationship? This needs clarifying or respecifying.
212: …data were… (plural)
Fig. 3: Despite studying this figure carefully, I eventually drew a blank. Panel (a) is clear enough, a histogram showing the frequency distribution of Kh measurements at different tensions, split into two subgroups (focus and other). Panel (b) is unreadable – we have the same horizontal axis for tension, but the vertical axis is unlabelled. What are these black bars, that look like a Gantt chart? Panel (c) is also unreadable, again because the vertical axis is unlabelled. It’s seemingly another frequency distribution, but we don’t know what the categories are. All the focus measurements are in the top category, so this is seemingly important, but the reader (and this reviewer) can’t tell what they are looking at. The caption doesn’t shed any light. Please clarify what this is.
Fig 4. The panels for the categorical variables have been rotated through 90 degrees, so that the bars run horizontally, whereas all the continuous variables have vertically aligned histograms. Why? This makes it hard to compare between the variables, and doesn’t seem to serve any purpose. Suggesting rotating the four left-hand panels so they have frequency on the vertical axes, like the other variables.
Section 2.3: Use of harmonic mean here makes more sense to me than a geometric mean. Geometric mean is used to resolve the average of vectors with different directions (e.g., calculating the average K from measurements in vertical and horizontal directions), whereas here the measurements are simply directionless repetitions, so harmonic mean seems more appropriate. In the end it probably makes little difference to the result, but given that the authors have raised the issue they ought to justify their choice.
319: “was” should be “were” (two items identified in the preceding list – the effect size and its error).
Fig. 5, 6, 7, 10: These all include insets without horizontal axis labels. The colours are the same as the scatterplot so the categories can be gained from that, but the reader is being made to work unnecessarily hard to make sense of what they’re looking at. A little labelling would help greatly. I think the histograms probably deserve their own dedicated panel with proper labels. Also, the tension ranges in the colour legends don’t have units.
Best wishes,
Paul Morris
University of Leeds, UK
20th March 2023
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1295-RC2 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC2', John Koestel, 23 Apr 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2022/egusphere-2022-1295/egusphere-2022-1295-AC1-supplement.pdf
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC2', John Koestel, 23 Apr 2023
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Guillaume Blanchy
Lukas Albrecht
Gilberto Bragato
Sarah Garré
Nicholas Jarvis
The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version.
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