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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-996</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Instantaneous radiative forcings due to the first indirect effect linked to warm clouds in the Amazon</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pugliesi</surname>
<given-names>Andre Cezar</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9424-8829</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Correia</surname>
<given-names>Alexandre Lima</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0044-9097</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cecchini</surname>
<given-names>Micael Amore</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0219-2857</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Astronomy, Geophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, USP, São Paulo, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Physics, USP, São Paulo, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>07</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Andre Cezar Pugliesi et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-996/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-996/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-996/egusphere-2026-996.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-996/egusphere-2026-996.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Much of the present uncertainty in effective radiative forcing due to aerosol&amp;ndash;cloud interactions (ERFaci) arises from aerosol&amp;ndash;cloud adjustments. Nevertheless, estimating instantaneous radiative forcing due to aerosol&amp;ndash;cloud interactions (IRFaci) remains important because it provides observation-based benchmarks for model evaluation. Such estimates are particularly scarce for Amazonian warm clouds, particularly from approaches combining surface-based remote sensing with in situ aircraft observations. Here, we estimate IRFaci for low-level warm clouds over Amazon using the GoAmazon2014/5 datasets. Cloud microphysical properties were constrained with ground-based remote sensing and in situ measurements, used to configure cloud representations and coupled to libRadtran simulations of daily top-of-atmosphere upward irradiance. To reduce uncertainty in baseline atmosphere, two clean reference states are defined, including one designed to represent the seasonal variability of natural background aerosol conditions. Campaign-mean IRFaci values were -11.8 W m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; (interquartile range: -23.0 to -2.4 W m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt;) and -1.3 W m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt; (-5.8 to 0.3 W m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt;) for the two reference-state definitions. The first estimate matches the maximum literature IRFaci per AOD unit in Amazon; the second aligns with IPCC&amp;rsquo;s global -0.7 &amp;plusmn; 0.5 W m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Sensitivity tests showed a strong dependence of IRFaci on aerosol load under clean conditions, decreasing with higher loads. Although it does not quantify aerosol&amp;ndash;cloud adjustments or ERFaci, this research provides an observationally constrained estimate of IRFaci in the Amazon, serving as a benchmark for future Amazon-focused studies of ERFaci.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="30"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo</funding-source>
<award-id>2024/17448-9</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior</funding-source>
<award-id>88882.332852/2010-01</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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