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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-970</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>PALM-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (v01): A High-Resolution Urban CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Transport Model with Anthropogenic and Biogenic Fluxes</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Linfeng</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6047-4685</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Jie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fang</surname>
<given-names>Fangxin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-8428</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>05</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Linfeng Li et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-970/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-970/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-970/egusphere-2026-970.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-970/egusphere-2026-970.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We develop PALM-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, a high-resolution urban carbon dioxide transport model with anthropogenic and biogenic carbon emissions. The model is based on an open-source urban flow large eddy simulation (LES) model, PALM, where we implemented a biogenic carbon emission module (Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model, VPRM) and customised output modules for carbon fluxes. PALM-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; is validated through a case study in London, comprising an 8 by 8 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; domain covering the borough of Camden at a resolution of 10 m. Simulations are driven by reanalysis meteorological forcing and background CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations, while the hourly anthropogenic emissions at 10-m resolution are explicitly derived in this study. Validation against eddy-covariance flux measurements inside the study region confirms that the model captures the diurnal variation of the turbulent transport and anthropogenic emissions. Additional validation against monthly biogenic flux diurnal profiles at a deciduous forest site in Czech Republic further confirms the biogenic flux module. The simulations reveal strong spatial heterogeneity in near-surface CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentrations driven by building-induced turbulence, diurnal boundary layer evolution, and emission patterns. PALM-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; provides a high-resolution framework for investigating CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; transport processes in complex urban and vegetated environments, providing improved quantification of urban emission sources.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="26"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>EP/X029093/1</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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