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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-6282</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Native NetCDF climate forcing in SWAT+ 62: implementation, numerical equivalence, and input performance</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chawanda</surname>
<given-names>Celray James</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8880-9431</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arnold</surname>
<given-names>Jeffrey G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Srinivasan</surname>
<given-names>Raghavan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-6038</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>David</surname>
<given-names>Olaf</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Teran Orsini</surname>
<given-names>Jose Pablo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4052-4426</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research, 720 East Blackland Road, Temple, Texas 76502, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Water and Climate, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>16</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Celray James Chawanda et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6282/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6282/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6282/egusphere-2026-6282.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6282/egusphere-2026-6282.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Large-scale hydrological models need climate forcing at thousands of locations. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool Plus (SWAT+) stores measured weather as separate text files for each station and variable, so file counts, storage and initialisation time grow with each station. Existing NetCDF tools for SWAT+ prepare data outside the model and still write these text files. Reading one compressed dataset inside the model would remove this burden without changing how SWAT+ simulates hydrology. We developed a native NetCDF-4 pathway and a converter for existing station files, and tested the pathway&apos;s effect on model results, storage and input time. The reader runs at initialisation and fills the existing climate arrays, so the daily process code is unchanged; one entry in file.cio selects it, and existing text-input projects run as before. Paired runs of an uncalibrated Zambezi River basin model with 1,148 stations over 1980&amp;ndash;1985 produced identical output files, and all 15,098,496 daily forcing values matched at 32-bit precision. At 700 stations, the NetCDF inputs needed 83.84 % less storage (235.6 MB against 1,457.6 MB). In the fixed-domain, warm-cache benchmark, process time through completion of climate loading was 5.8 s for NetCDF and 53.6 s for text; text was faster only at 5 stations. Each test used one compiler and one machine; the reader expects the converter&apos;s schema and loads the prepared domain into memory. Because the saving recurs in every run, calibration, sensitivity analysis and ensemble studies of regional to global SWAT+ models gain most, and each project&apos;s climate forcing becomes one self-describing file that is simpler to share, archive and reproduce.</p>
</abstract>
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