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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-6281</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Design and performance of a FLOw TUbe System, FLOTUS, for the CERN CLOUD chamber</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sommer</surname>
<given-names>Eva</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7415-8386</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Busato</surname>
<given-names>Mattia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rato</surname>
<given-names>Pedro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Klebach</surname>
<given-names>Hannah</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7233-6295</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bhattacharyya</surname>
<given-names>Nirvan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-6492</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Yuanlong</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6726-8904</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lombard</surname>
<given-names>Didier</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mentler</surname>
<given-names>Bernhard</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-0397</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Zhensen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aivaliotis</surname>
<given-names>Theodoros</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Almeida</surname>
<given-names>João</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>De Menezes</surname>
<given-names>Louis-Philippe</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Krasin</surname>
<given-names>Ilia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kristic</surname>
<given-names>Robert</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Malaguti</surname>
<given-names>Giulio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1862-3420</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Minginette</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ravat</surname>
<given-names>Sylvain</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Urrutia</surname>
<given-names>Emiliano</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weber</surname>
<given-names>Stefan Karl</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7408-9069</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dada</surname>
<given-names>Lubna</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-9043</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>De Vivo</surname>
<given-names>Jenna</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5097-1008</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kaniyodical Sebastian</surname>
<given-names>Milin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6549-4932</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Koemets</surname>
<given-names>Paap</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kunkler</surname>
<given-names>Felix</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Scholz</surname>
<given-names>Wiebke</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2617-620X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tripathi</surname>
<given-names>Prashant</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Voigtländer</surname>
<given-names>Jens</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-3831</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Christoudias</surname>
<given-names>Theodoros</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9050-3880</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
<sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Curtius</surname>
<given-names>Joachim</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3153-4630</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Donahue</surname>
<given-names>Neil</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3054-2364</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
<sup>20</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>El Haddad</surname>
<given-names>Imad</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-7238</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Guida</surname>
<given-names>Roberto</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hansel</surname>
<given-names>Armin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1062-2394</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harder</surname>
<given-names>Hartwig</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6868-714X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>He</surname>
<given-names>Xu-Cheng</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-306X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Heikkinen</surname>
<given-names>Liine</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7837-967X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Junninen</surname>
<given-names>Heikki</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kulmala</surname>
<given-names>Markku</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3464-7825</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
<sup>22</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lehtipalo</surname>
<given-names>Katrianne</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1660-2706</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
<sup>22</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
<sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Möhler</surname>
<given-names>Ottmar</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-9814</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pöhlker</surname>
<given-names>Mira</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Volkamer</surname>
<given-names>Rainer</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0899-1369</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
<sup>24</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
<sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Winkler</surname>
<given-names>Paul Martin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Flagan</surname>
<given-names>Richard C.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-770X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Onnela</surname>
<given-names>Antti</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mathot</surname>
<given-names>Serge</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kirkby</surname>
<given-names>Jasper</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2341-9069</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>CERN, Esplanade des Particules 1, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125 California, United States</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Ion and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>IONICON Analytik GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>LIP - Laboratory for Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, n.2, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>PSI - Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, CMU, 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh PA USA 15213</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, CMU, 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh PA USA 15213</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>University of Manchester School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences Simon Building Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe, Germany Postfach 3640, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Estonia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>Atmospheric Chemistry Department - Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17">
<label>17</label>
<addr-line>Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff18">
<label>18</label>
<addr-line>Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research e.V. (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff19">
<label>19</label>
<addr-line>The Cyprus Institute, Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff20">
<label>20</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemical Engineering, CMU, 5000 Forbes Ave Pittsburgh PA USA 15213</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff21">
<label>21</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff22">
<label>22</label>
<addr-line>Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff23">
<label>23</label>
<addr-line>Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff24">
<label>24</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff25">
<label>25</label>
<addr-line>CIRES, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, 216 UCB, Boulder, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>04</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Eva Sommer et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
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<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6281/egusphere-2026-6281.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6281/egusphere-2026-6281.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The primary functions of the FLOw TUbe System (FLOTUS) are to provide the CERN CLOUD chamber with a source of a) pre-aged organic vapours and particles, and b) cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) of any chosen chemical composition and diameter. The quartz flow tube has 20 cm internal diameter and 60 L volume, and it operates between&amp;minus;45 &amp;deg;C and +100 &amp;deg;C, limited by the currently-installed thermoregulator. All the experimental conditions in FLOTUS are controlled independently of CLOUD: ultrapure air flow, trace-gases, ozone, UV illumination, humidity and temperature. The vapours and particles produced in FLOTUS can be transferred either directly to analysing instruments or else injected into the CLOUD chamber for further experiments with a comprehensive suite of analysing instruments. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations indicate that up to 32 % transfer efficiency from FLOTUS to CLOUD can be achieved for sticky vapours of 1 nm mobility diameter, despite a long transfer pipe (3.42 m) with two 90&amp;deg; bends. Special attention is given in the design to minimise turbulence in the quartz flow tube: it is mounted vertically to avoid transverse convective turbulence from heating by the UV lamps, and the entrance and exit geometries are narrow-angle cones. We have analysed the residence time distributions of brief injections of toluene assuming an axially-dispersed plug-flow-reactor model. We measure P&amp;eacute;clet numbers between 8.2 and 73 for flow rates of 15 to 45 L min&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively, indicating that bulk transport of molecules dominates over diffusion and turbulence. Hydroxyl (OH) radicals are produced in FLOTUS by photolysis of ozone in the presence of water vapour. At 30 L min&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; flow rate, we measure a mean OH exposure of up to 3&amp;middot;10&lt;sup&gt;11&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;s, which corresponds to 3&amp;middot;10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; cm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt; mean OH concentration and is equivalent to several days OH exposure under ambient conditions. FLOTUS produces aerosol particles from diverse inorganic and organic precursors, with self-preserving, close to log normal size distributions characteristic of coagulation-dominated growth. Aerosol particles can be produced with geometric mean diameters between 8.0 and 136 nm and with geometric standard deviations between 1.16 and 1.43. High particle injection rates into the CLOUD chamber are achieved of up to around 20 cm&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;3&lt;/sup&gt;s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;. High-resolution aerosol mass spectra show that the organic aerosol composition varies with the precursor system and the OH exposure, and is in good agreement with ambient measurements of aged organic aerosol. These initial results establish FLOTUS as an important extension of the CERN CLOUD chamber for novel experiments involving aged organic vapours, cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol-cloud processing.</p>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions</funding-source>
<award-id>CLOUD-DOC 101073026</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Eesti Teadusagentuur</funding-source>
<award-id>PRG714</award-id>
<award-id>RVTT3</award-id>
<award-id>TARISTU24-TK10</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Horizon 2020</funding-source>
<award-id>856612 (EMME-CARE)</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs4">
<funding-source>Research Council of Finland</funding-source>
<award-id>337549</award-id>
<award-id>357902</award-id>
<award-id>359340</award-id>
<award-id>374287</award-id>
<award-id>371185</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs5">
<funding-source>National Science Foundation</funding-source>
<award-id>AGS-2528506</award-id>
<award-id>AGS-2528505</award-id>
<award-id>AGS-2215522</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs6">
<funding-source>Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung</funding-source>
<award-id>200021-213071</award-id>
<award-id>200021-216181</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs7">
<funding-source>Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt</funding-source>
<award-id>CLOUD-22 01LK2201C</award-id>
<award-id>CLOUD-22 01LK2201A</award-id>
<award-id>CLOUD-22 01LK2201B</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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