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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-6098</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Ice growth driven by the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process in expansion chamber simulations: roles of ascent rate and particle sedimentation</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>La</surname>
<given-names>Inyeob</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Grabowski</surname>
<given-names>Wojciech W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shima</surname>
<given-names>Shin-ichiro</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5540-713X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yum</surname>
<given-names>Seong Soo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-1615</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>MMM Laboratory, NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>RIKEN Center for Computational Science, Kobe, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Climate and Environmental Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Inyeob La et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6098/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6098/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6098/egusphere-2026-6098.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6098/egusphere-2026-6098.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Mixed-phase clouds often glaciate through the Wegener&amp;ndash;Bergeron&amp;ndash;Findeisen process (WBF), in which ice crystals grow at the expense of supercooled droplets. In finite-volume laboratory chambers, however, WBF signatures can be obscured by sedimentation losses and limited residence time within the mixed-phase temperature range. We use a Lagrangian super-droplet configuration of the babyEULAG model to simulate an idealized 2 m-high expansion cloud chamber with condensation/immersion freezing and externally mixed soluble aerosol and dust ice-nucleating particles. We vary imposed ascent rate, soluble aerosol concentration, and gravity to examine how particle growth time and sedimentation affect WBF. WBF is evaluated using a normalized state-dependent ice-deposition diagnostic and paired EVAP and NOEVAP simulations that isolate the effect of droplet evaporation. From each pair, we calculate two response metrics: &lt;em&gt;dQ&lt;sub&gt;ice&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;​​, the relative enhancement of domain-mean ice mixing ratio in EVAP compared with NOEVAP, and &amp;Delta;&lt;em&gt;f&lt;sub&gt;ice&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, the corresponding increase in ice mass fraction. With gravity, both metrics show a turnover with ascent rate under polluted, Seoul-like conditions: they increase from low to intermediate ascent rates as faster cooling reduces sedimentation losses, but decrease at higher ascent rates as mixed-phase residence time becomes too short for sustained depositional growth. Under lower soluble-aerosol concentrations, fewer, larger droplets sediment more efficiently, weakening the WBF response. Without gravity and particle loss, WBF decreases monotonically with ascent rate, indicating dominant residence-time control. These results highlight the importance of finite-depth particle losses when interpreting chamber-based WBF measurements.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="44"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Korea Institute of Science and Technology</funding-source>
<award-id>2E33101</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Yonsei University</funding-source>
<award-id>2024-22-0162</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Japan Society for the Promotion of Science</funding-source>
<award-id>23H00149</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs4">
<funding-source>Japan Science and Technology Agency</funding-source>
<award-id>JPMJMS2283</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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