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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-6001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>SCOUT: Munich Urban Street-level CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Sensor Network</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kühbacher</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7047-3925</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Jia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6350-6610</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aigner</surname>
<given-names>Patrick</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1530-415X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wenzel</surname>
<given-names>Adrian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6016-6174</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rubli</surname>
<given-names>Pascal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brunner</surname>
<given-names>Dominik</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4007-6902</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Emmenegger</surname>
<given-names>Lukas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9812-3986</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Grange</surname>
<given-names>Stuart K.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4093-3596</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Professorship of Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Theresienstr. 90, 80333 Munich, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory for Air Pollution/Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>now at: Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>26</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Daniel Kühbacher et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6001/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6001/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6001/egusphere-2026-6001.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-6001/egusphere-2026-6001.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The city of Munich has been a pilot city in the ICOS Cities project, which aimed to develop greenhouse gas measurement methodologies and related services for urban areas to support climate action. A part of Munich&apos;s city observatory is SCOUT (Street-level Carbon Observatory for Urban Terrain), a network of 100 battery-powered, low-cost, non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sensors. This publication describes the sensor network, the applied data processing strategy, and assesses sensor performance. Data from May 2023 to December 2025 are covered. We propose a novel sensor calibration approach that accounts for the strong, non-stationary temperature dependence of the raw sensor signal, thereby improving the manufacturer&amp;rsquo;s measurement accuracy by a factor of four to eight. In the first stage, a rolling ordinary least squares regression is used to estimate the time-varying, temperature-induced signal component. This is followed by a multilinear regression that infers the final CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration and corrects for humidity and pressure effects. Evaluated across 21 sensors over three to twelve months outside the training time period at a reference site equipped with a calibrated Picarro analyzer, the proposed model achieves a median RMSE of 9.46 [6.1&amp;ndash;12.7] ppm and a R&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt; of 0.76 [0.55&amp;ndash;0.89] for hourly averaged values. It also shows minimal residual dependence on environmental parameters. Long-term drift is corrected by relating the sensor signal to nearby reference stations during favorable atmospheric conditions with homogeneous CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration across the city. We consider three distinct correction scenarios and estimate a city-wide, location-dependent correction uncertainty of &amp;sigma; between 2.3 and 3.1 ppm. Combined with the measurement uncertainty, this yields a total uncertainty of 9.95 [6.4&amp;ndash;13.1] ppm. We deployed the sensor systems in pairs and present a strategy to combine the signals from duplicate measurements at the same site. The network can characterize local emission regimes: winter morning CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; enhancements show a high correlation with Munich&apos;s gridded 2024 emission inventory (r = 0.79), indicating that street-level low-cost networks can serve as proxies for local emissions.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="34"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Horizon 2020</funding-source>
<award-id>101037319</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Horizon 2020</funding-source>
<award-id>101089203</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie</funding-source>
<award-id>03ZU2105HA</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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