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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-5868</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Review article: using machine learning for snow remote sensing: trends and future directions for global snow measurements</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Breen</surname>
<given-names>Catherine Marina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Kehan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pflug</surname>
<given-names>Justin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9604-6307</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>Sujay</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cristea</surname>
<given-names>Nicoleta</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Alabi</surname>
<given-names>Ibrahim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vuyovich</surname>
<given-names>Carrie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Science Systems Applications, Inc., Greenbelt, MD, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of Maryland, ESSIC, College Park, MD, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>University of Washington, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seattle, WA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>06</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Catherine Marina Breen et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5868/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5868/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5868/egusphere-2026-5868.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5868/egusphere-2026-5868.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Snow covers 40 % of Earth&amp;rsquo;s northern hemisphere each year, playing an important role in regulating Earth&amp;rsquo;s energy balance through its reflective properties and serving as the primary source of freshwater for one-sixth of the world&amp;rsquo;s population. Remote sensing is a key technology for observing snow across large areas. Given the complexity of retrieving the snow signal from space, the snow community is increasingly using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches to derive and improve current spaceborne snow measurements. Here we summarize the research trends and applications of ML for snow retrievals, identifying best practices and the future direction of ML applications for multiple seasonal snow-related properties, in particular snow water equivalent (a measurement of the amount of water contained in the snow), snow depth, density, cover, and wet/dry conditions. Across our review, we find that most studies focus on extrapolating to new areas and time periods, with improved prediction after combining multiple sensors and referencing high-fidelity reference data. Gaps remain in generalizing across spatial domains, combining sensors at different spatial and temporal resolutions, and improving the ability of newer model architectures, such as transformers and foundation models, to support snow-related applications. ML/DL for snow remote sensing is an effective tool for integrating information across sensors, and we recommend the snow community continue to identify further use, thereby advancing towards more consistent and complete global snow monitoring that includes a range of snow types and climate conditions.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="27"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</funding-source>
<award-id>NNH25ZDA001N-EAFM</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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