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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-5755</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Prototype Probability Based Warning System for a Strong AMOC Decline</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vasileiadis</surname>
<given-names>Nireas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mehling</surname>
<given-names>Oliver</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4338-218X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van Westen</surname>
<given-names>René M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-7269</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dijkstra</surname>
<given-names>Henk A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Marine and Atmospheric research Utrecht, Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Center for Complex Systems Studies, Department of Physics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Nireas Vasileiadis et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5755/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5755/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5755/egusphere-2026-5755.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5755/egusphere-2026-5755.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>With a future strong, possibly accelerated, weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) becoming a plausible scenario, there is a need to develop a reliable warning system for the onset of such an event. While many statistical and physical early warning signals have been suggested for AMOC weakening, there is no warning system yet that demonstrates skill even in a perfect model framework. Here, we present a prototype of a probability based warning system for a strong AMOC decline and illustrate its performance through two examples. In the first, we use a conceptual stochastic AMOC box model where the update rule is equation based. In the second example, we use data from an Earth System Model, where the update rule is based on a machine learning approach. In both examples, a warning probability that the AMOC decreases below a specific threshold within a certain future time horizon is obtained. Using an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE), we show that the warning system has skill compared to persistence as measured by the Brier skill score. This prototype is hence a useful starting point for the development of warning systems that can eventually be useful for policy makers and long-term planning decisions.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="33"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>European Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>101055096</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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