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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-5290</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Multi-decadal trend of HFC-23 from FTIR observations at the NDACC Junfraujoch station: Persistent increase and comparison with &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; AGAGE observations, TOMCAT model simulations, and ACE-FTS satellite data</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hiault</surname>
<given-names>Florentin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2409-3668</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mahieu</surname>
<given-names>Emmanuel</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5251-0286</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lefebvre</surname>
<given-names>Pierre-Henri</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chipperfield</surname>
<given-names>Martyn P.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6803-4149</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Zihao</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1204-2369</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vollmer</surname>
<given-names>Martin K.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-9718</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harrison</surname>
<given-names>Jeremy J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Roos</surname>
<given-names>Diana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Astrophysics, Geophysics and Oceanography, UR SPHERES, Université de Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>School of Earth, Environment and Sustainability, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>National Centre for Earth Observation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Laboratory Gas Analysis, METAS, Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, Bern, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>07</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Florentin Hiault et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5290/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5290/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5290/egusphere-2026-5290.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5290/egusphere-2026-5290.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The gradual phase-out of stratospheric ozone-depleting substances (ODS), including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), has led to the widespread adoption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). HFC-23 (CHF&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) ranks third among HFCs in radiative forcing contribution. As a potent greenhouse gas, it falls under the Kyoto Protocol and Kigali Amendment, motivating careful monitoring. HFC-23 is not intentionally manufactured; its atmospheric release stems primarily from HCFC-22 production. This study presents the multi-decadal trend of HFC-23 derived from a newly developed retrieval methodology applied to high-resolution solar absorption spectra recorded by ground-based Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) instruments. Measurements obtained at the Jungfraujoch high-altitude research station (Switzerland) within the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) were combined across three successive FTIR instruments to produce a continuous and consistent time series from 1986 to 2024, including the earliest detected occurrence of HFC-23 at the site. The FTIR time series was compared with two independent observation datasets, surface &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; measurements from the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network at Jungfraujoch and satellite retrievals from the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS, L2 v5.3), as well as simulations from the TOMCAT global three-dimensional chemical transport model. The resulting annual relative trends (2008&amp;ndash;2023) are 3.52 &amp;plusmn; 0.37 %.yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; (FTIR), 3.52 &amp;plusmn; 0.15 %.yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; (AGAGE), 3.66 &amp;plusmn; 0.22 %.yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1 &lt;/sup&gt;(ACE-FTS) and 3.53 &amp;plusmn; 0.11 %.yr&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; (model). The consistency among datasets supports our retrieval strategy. This methodology can be applied at additional NDACC sites, enabling broader spatial coverage for monitoring this compound using ground-based FTIR instrumentation.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="26"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS</funding-source>
<award-id>J.0139.24</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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