<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-5162</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Aligning TIPMIP Models on a Common Global-Warming-Level Axis: A Standard Remapping Method for Multi-Model Comparison</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harteg</surname>
<given-names>Jakob</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0418-8194</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jones</surname>
<given-names>Colin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7221-8127</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Donges</surname>
<given-names>Jonathan F.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5233-7703</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Abe</surname>
<given-names>Manabu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4822-3321</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cadule</surname>
<given-names>Patricia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Castruccio</surname>
<given-names>Frederic</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Danabasoglu</surname>
<given-names>Gokhan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4676-2732</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fröb</surname>
<given-names>Friederike</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2516-1682</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Frölicher</surname>
<given-names>Thomas L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>Chuncheng</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6276-6499</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Köhn</surname>
<given-names>Eike</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liddicoat</surname>
<given-names>Spencer</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Romanou</surname>
<given-names>Anastasia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5241-4772</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Silvy</surname>
<given-names>Yona</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Torsvik</surname>
<given-names>Tomas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9138-5847</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wyser</surname>
<given-names>Klaus</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9752-3454</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yokohata</surname>
<given-names>Tokuta</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7346-7988</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ziehn</surname>
<given-names>Tilo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-9775</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
<sup>19</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Winkelmann</surname>
<given-names>Ricarda</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1248-3217</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Loriani</surname>
<given-names>Sina</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6660-960X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Earth Resilience Science Unit, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association,  Telegrafenberg A 31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department Integrative Earth System Science, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9PH, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>LMD-IPSL, CNRS, Ecole normale supérieure/PSL, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Danish Meteorological Institute, Sankt Kjelds Plads 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>LOCEAN-IPSL, Laboratoire d’Océanographie et du Climat: Expérimentations et Approches Numériques, Sorbonne Université-CNRS-IRD-MNHN, Paris, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>NASA-Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17">
<label>17</label>
<addr-line>Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff18">
<label>18</label>
<addr-line>National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff19">
<label>19</label>
<addr-line>CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jakob Harteg et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5162/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5162/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5162/egusphere-2026-5162.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-5162/egusphere-2026-5162.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The Tipping Points Modelling Intercomparison Project (TIPMIP) samples common rates and levels of global warming (GWL) across physical, biophysical and biogeochemical domains, rather than a common calendar year or CO₂ level. In the Tier 1 experiments, emission-driven Earth system models (ESM) are forced by a constant CO₂-emission rate intended to yield 2 &amp;deg;C of warming per century. This ramp-up phase is followed by emission cessation (zero-emission runs) at selected GWLs, from which ramp-down runs are branched 50 years later using the negative of the ramp-up emission rate. A common rate of global warming is targeted in the ramp-up phase, but realised rates deviate from this target, particularly at higher levels of warming, and diverge further in the ramp-down phase, where the link between negative CO₂ emissions and global temperature is less established; as a result, equal calendar years do not correspond to equal GWLs across models. A standardised mapping from model years to a temperature axis is therefore needed for diagnostics to be analysed and compared consistently as a function of GWL. We propose such a mapping here. We define GWL as the global-mean near-surface air temperature (GMSAT) anomaly relative to each model&apos;s own pre-industrial control, taken as a 31-year window centred on the branch year, the point at which the ramp-up run diverges from the pre-industrial control. The method maps any diagnostic from calendar time onto a common GWL axis in three steps: computing the warming anomaly, smoothing and enforcing monotonicity, and inverting the result to express any diagnostic against GWL at native resolution or on a shared grid. The inversion is applied to the ramp-up leg and to both Tier 1 ramp-down legs, from the zero emission runs started at 2 and 4 &amp;deg;C GWL. Applying the method to nine available TIPMIP ESMs, we show the mapping is robust to its principal methodological choices, with baseline and smoothing-window sensitivities both under 0.1 &amp;deg;C, so results can be reported at 0.1 &amp;deg;C resolution regardless of these choices. We publish the resulting GWL axes for each model and leg as a versioned, provenance-stamped data product, together with an open-source Python implementation, so downstream analyses can share one common coordinate transformation rather than each constructing their own.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="19"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>European Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>101137601</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>