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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4786</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Tight physics and chemistry coupling improves air quality forecasts: a case study of the 2020 North American wildfires with the Rapid Refresh model coupled to Chemistry (RAP-Chem v1.0)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schnell</surname>
<given-names>Jordan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ahmadov</surname>
<given-names>Ravan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Grell</surname>
<given-names>Georg A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Olson</surname>
<given-names>Joseph B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>James</surname>
<given-names>Eric</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hu</surname>
<given-names>Ming</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wong</surname>
<given-names>Ka Yee</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>McDonald</surname>
<given-names>Brian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8600-5096</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schwantes</surname>
<given-names>Rebecca H.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7095-3718</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>He</surname>
<given-names>Jian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1627-6859</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harkins</surname>
<given-names>Colin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Angevine</surname>
<given-names>Wayne M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8021-7116</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jamison</surname>
<given-names>Brian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pierce</surname>
<given-names>R. Bradley</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Coggon</surname>
<given-names>Matthew</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5763-1925</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baker</surname>
<given-names>Barry</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-2391</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Freitas</surname>
<given-names>Saulo</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9879-646X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pereira</surname>
<given-names>Gabriel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tsidulko</surname>
<given-names>Marina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado Boulder, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>NOAA Global Systems Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), Colorado State University, 3925A West Laporte Ave, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 W. Dayton St., Madison, WI 53706, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, 5830 University Research Court, College Park, MD 20740, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Avenida dos Astronautas, 1.758, Jardim Granja - CEP 12227-010, São José dos Campos, SP - Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Federal University of São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Frei Orlando, 170 - Centro, São João del-Rei - MG, 36307-352, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>NOAA National Environmental Satellite. Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), 1335 East-West Highway, SSMC1, 8th Floor, Suite 8300, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>13</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jordan Schnell et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4786/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4786/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4786/egusphere-2026-4786.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4786/egusphere-2026-4786.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The Rapid Refresh model coupled to Chemistry (RAP-Chem) is an experimental forecast model built and operated by the NOAA Global Systems Laboratory (GSL). The RAP-Chem is a full chemistry extension to the operational smoke forecasting model, RAP-Smoke. RAP-Chem&amp;rsquo;s chemistry includes a reduced complexity, carbon-bond, gas-phase mechanism and an aerosol scheme that are coupled together to produce secondary aerosols and perform heterogeneous chemistry. The model includes chemical lateral boundary conditions, hourly anthropogenic emissions and online emissions from biomass burning, dust, sea salt, and biogenic sources. RAP-Chem also includes the direct aerosol effect on radiation and photolysis and a simplified indirect aerosol effect that couples prognostic aerosols to representative aerosols in the aerosol-aware microphysics scheme. The default &amp;lsquo;offline&amp;rsquo; vertical mixing implemented in WRF-Chem is updated to instead mix chemical species alongside other scalars in the model&amp;rsquo;s planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme, which tends to improve predictions across species &amp;ndash; increasing surface ozone (O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) and decreasing less reactive tracers (e.g., CO). Sub-grid boundary layer clouds in the PBL scheme are also coupled to a WRF-Chem photolysis scheme for the first time, overall reducing O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; biases in the eastern US. Here we present the ability of the RAP-Chem model to simulate the extreme North American wildfires in 2020. We demonstrate that the relatively simple gas-phase chemical mechanism alongside our model physics developments and coupling with chemistry can predict maximum daily 8-h average O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; with exceptional skill (Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) = 6.6 %) averaged over CONUS, improving on simulations that neglect the direct aerosol effect (NMB = 9.5 %). Ozone biases are large in regions with extreme aerosol loading, but the NMB improves more significantly. The model produces the observed extreme aerosol loading with less skill; tending to underpredict extreme wildfire induced concentrations while overpredicting urban particle pollution. As with O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, daily average PM2.5 is predicted with better skill when the direct aerosol feedback is included (-15.8 % vs. -16.8 %). Overall we find that improving the coupling between chemistry and physics processes in the air quality model improves its predictions of both weather and atmospheric composition.</p>
</abstract>
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