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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4713</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Mixed-Phase Microphysical Evolution in Large Eddy Simulations of Tropical Cumulus Congestus: Developing and Evaluating a Laboratory-based Ice Multiplication Parameterization of Freezing Drops</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stanford</surname>
<given-names>McKenna</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-4364</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Keinert</surname>
<given-names>Alice</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0473-0820</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fridlind</surname>
<given-names>Ann</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kiselev</surname>
<given-names>Alexei</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0136-2428</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Knopf</surname>
<given-names>Daniel</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7732-3922</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ackerman</surname>
<given-names>Andrew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Leisner</surname>
<given-names>Thomas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lawson</surname>
<given-names>Paul</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-7780</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Center for Climate Systems Research (CCSR), Columbia University, New York, New York</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), New York, New York</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Institut für Umweltphysik, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Stratton Park Engineering Company, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>current affiliation: Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>55</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 McKenna Stanford et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4713/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4713/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4713/egusphere-2026-4713.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4713/egusphere-2026-4713.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Ice microphysical processes modulate cloud structure, evolution, and Earth&apos;s radiative balance, yet secondary ice production (SIP)&amp;mdash;whereby fragmentation enhances ice number concentrations (&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;ice&lt;/sub&gt;) beyond what ice-nucleating particle (INP) populations alone can explain&amp;mdash;remains poorly constrained. We develop a drop-shattering parameterization based on laboratory-observed pressure release event frequencies during drop freezing and evaluate it, alongside a water-activity-based immersion-freezing model for primary ice formation, in large eddy simulations (LES) of a tropical cumulus congestus case from NASA CAMP&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;Ex&amp;mdash;the second of a two-part study extending liquid-phase results from Part I into the mixed-phase region. Bin and double-moment bulk simulations are evaluated against in situ aircraft observations from 0 to -15 &amp;deg;C. The baseline parameterization negligibly enhances &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;ice&lt;/sub&gt;; a 10&amp;times; multiplier on per-event splinter numbers&amp;mdash;reflecting substantial production uncertainty&amp;mdash;increases &lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;ice&lt;/sub&gt; by 1&amp;ndash;2 orders of magnitude. The bulk scheme reaches localized maxima near 10&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, while the bin scheme reaches 10&amp;ndash;20 L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, reflecting fundamentally different collision-kernel structures between the schemes. A primary-secondary ice feedback emerges exclusively in the bin scheme, driven by INP enrichment of precipitation-sized drops through collision-coalescence and INP accumulation; this feedback is absent in the bulk scheme due to its lack of aerosol core mass tracking. The 10&amp;times; parameterization partially reconciles a 1&amp;ndash;2 order-of-magnitude deficit in simulated concentrations for sizes &amp;gt; 200 &lt;em&gt;&amp;mu;&lt;/em&gt;m relative to observed particle size distributions, with turbulence-induced collision enhancement essential for conditioning SIP efficiency. Together, these bin and bulk implementations provide a foundation for improving SIP representation in large-scale models.</p>
</abstract>
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