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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4639</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>ORCTM v2.0: implementation and evaluation of wave effects on currents based on the vortex-force formalism</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yao</surname>
<given-names>Chenyang</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0522-9707</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zheng</surname>
<given-names>Peng</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7743-9412</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Xueen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Sheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Jiacheng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>Hao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Guo</surname>
<given-names>Jiaqi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>State Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography (POL), Ocean University of China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Tianjin research institute for water transport engineering, M.O.T, Tianjin, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>39</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Chenyang Yao et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4639/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4639/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4639/egusphere-2026-4639.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4639/egusphere-2026-4639.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The Ocean Regional Circulation and Tide Model version 2.0 (ORCTM v2.0), which represents wave effects on currents (WEC) through online field exchange with SWAN via OASIS3-MCT, is presented. The configuration evaluated here is restricted to one-way wave-to-current forcing. The established vortex-force formulation is incorporated into ORCTM&amp;rsquo;s orthogonal curvilinear Arakawa C-grid, z-coordinate, partial-cell, and barotropic&amp;ndash;baroclinic framework. It represents Stokes transport in the mass and free-surface equations; the Stokes&amp;ndash;Coriolis force, vortex force, Bernoulli head, and wave-induced pressure contributions; and non-conservative momentum input associated with wave breaking, rollers, whitecapping, and surface and near-bottom streaming. SWAN bulk-wave and dissipation diagnostics are used to reconstruct the three-dimensional Stokes field and term-resolved WEC tendencies in ORCTM. The implementation is evaluated using an idealized plane-beach experiment with obliquely incident waves and the DUCK94 barred-beach experiment. These benchmarks examine wave-induced water-level adjustment, Stokes&amp;ndash;Eulerian transport compensation, three-dimensional nearshore circulation, and momentum balances. The experiments demonstrate that ORCTM v2.0 can reproduce the principal nearshore WEC processes and provide process-resolved diagnostics of wave-induced mass and momentum pathways.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
<award-id>U23A2032</award-id>
<award-id>42276011</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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