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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4451</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Major-Element Geochemistry, Redox Systematics, and Petrogenesis of the Estonian Rapakivi Intrusions, Finnish Wiborg Batholith, and Onas intrusion: A Revised Analysis of Fennoscandian AMCG Magmatism</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Solano-Acosta</surname>
<given-names>Juan David</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>22</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>44</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Juan David Solano-Acosta</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4451/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4451/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4451/egusphere-2026-4451.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4451/egusphere-2026-4451.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>&lt;span&gt;Rapakivi granitoids are a distinctive expression of Proterozoic intracontinental magmatism and provide constraints on crust&amp;ndash;mantle interaction, lithospheric reworking, and the thermal evolution of stabilised continental crust. In Fennoscandia, the Wiborg suite represents the earliest major rapakivi&amp;ndash;AMCG (anorthosite&amp;ndash;mangerite&amp;ndash;charnockite&amp;ndash;granite) magmatic episode, emplaced at &amp;sim;1.65&amp;ndash;1.62 Ga following the Svecofennian orogeny and comprising the Wiborg Batholith and broadly coeval intrusions in southern Finland and Estonia. Here, we integrate 186 whole-rock analyses from this older suite, including the Wiborg Batholith and the Taebla, Ereda, Neeme, Onas, M&amp;auml;rjamaa, Kloostri, and Naissaare granites, together with the younger Riga Batholith (&amp;sim;1.59 Ga) as a temporal and geochemical comparator. Major-element and iron-speciation data, CIPW normative mineralogy, and thermobarometric proxies are used to test whether the older Fennoscandian rapakivi&amp;ndash;AMCG suite records a common regional evolution or distinct magma-reservoir histories. The granitoids are predominantly high-K, ferroan, alkali-calcic to alkaline, and metaluminous to marginally peraluminous, but their major-element systematics define distinct intrusion- and phase-specific evolutionary trends rather than a uniform regional differentiation path. This compositional heterogeneity is also captured by centred log-ratio principal component analysis (CLR-PCA), in which the first two components account for 74.01% of the total variance. PC1 primarily contrasts relative enrichment in P₂O₅, TiO₂, and MgO with relative enrichment in SiO₂, K₂O, Na₂O, and Al₂O₃. Multiphase intrusions record internally systematic but contrasting evolutionary trajectories along these compositional gradients, including shifts towards more silicic and alkali-rich compositions and variable depletion of components associated with calcic plagioclase, Mg-bearing silicates, Fe&amp;ndash;Ti oxides, and apatite. Hierarchical clustering similarly separates several evolved phases from their earlier counterparts, reinforcing the interpretation of phase-specific differentiation. These compositional differences are consistent with variable fractional crystallisation, locally modified by crystal accumulation, magma recharge, volatile evolution, and wall-rock assimilation. Ferroan indices and Mg# primarily record Fe&amp;ndash;Mg fractionation, whereas Fe&amp;sup3;⁺# reveals non-monotonic, reservoir-dependent redox evolution. The resulting discordance between major-element affinity, normative oxide proportions, and ferric-iron speciation indicates that ferroan character and whole-rock oxidation state evolved only partly in tandem. Temperature proxies indicate crystallisation over approximately 620&amp;ndash;900 &amp;deg;C, while most normative pressure estimates remain below &amp;sim;5 kbar, consistent with predominantly shallow- to mid-crustal emplacement. Collectively, the results indicate that these intrusions represent related but independently evolving A-type magma reservoirs within the Fennoscandian rapakivi&amp;ndash;AMCG system, whose contrasting compositions record local differentiation and redox histories superimposed on a shared post-orogenic tectono-magmatic framework.&lt;/span&gt;</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Tallinna Tehnikaülikool</funding-source>
<award-id>HORIZON-CL4-2024-RESILIENCE-01-01 (document number VHE24051; project ID number 101178897)</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
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