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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4414</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Dual-satellite sea level observations in the ice-covered Southern Ocean, 2002&amp;ndash;2024</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>White</surname>
<given-names>Isabelle F. M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5731-8404</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dragomir</surname>
<given-names>Oana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Silvano</surname>
<given-names>Alessandro</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-1496</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Naveira Garabato</surname>
<given-names>Alberto C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hogg</surname>
<given-names>Anna E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dutrieux</surname>
<given-names>Pierre</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8066-934X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Herraiz-Borreguero</surname>
<given-names>Laura</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cocks</surname>
<given-names>Jennifer</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6114-3919</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>FELS, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (ICAS), University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, SN2 1EU, United Kingdom</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Commonwealth, Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation ENVIRONMENT (CSIRO), Castray Esplanade s/n, Hobart, 7004, Tasmania, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>11</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Isabelle F. M. White et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4414/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4414/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4414/egusphere-2026-4414.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4414/egusphere-2026-4414.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Long-term and spatially continuous data is hard to attain in the remote and harsh environment of the Southern Ocean. Using satellite altimetry, we have been able to measure the subpolar sea surface height (SSH) in the open ocean and sea ice zone since 2002 using Envisat and CrysoSat-2. Here we present a 22-year sea level anomaly (SLA) 1&amp;deg; (longitude) by 0.5&amp;deg; (latitude) gridded product from 50&amp;deg; S to the Antarctic coast. This is the longest SLA product to date for the seasonally ice-covered Southern Ocean. We correct for intra- and inter-satellite offsets for the full-time series and overlapping period 01/11/2010 to 01/03/2012, respectively, to level CryoSat-2 data to Envisat. Acquisition modes include synthetic aperture radar interferometry (SARIn), which leads to increased spatial cover and resolution near the coast and decreased product uncertainty. We calculate the product uncertainty using the standard error for offset climatologies, satellite crossover locations and the seasonal variability between four geoids. This results in an uncertainty of 0.78 cm. Validation of our product with the CMEMS reanalysis product, bottom pressure recorders, and other intersatellite products gives average correlations of 0.93, 0.67 and 0.93 (0.81) for the open ocean (sea ice zone), further validating the new product. This product has the potential to improve our ability to identify regional- and large-scale shifts in long-term sea level trends and relate these to climate forcing. It also provides a comprehensive error calculation for a merged Southern Ocean altimetry product.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Natural Environment Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>2924160</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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