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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4316</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>IceWatch: a multimodal deep-learning framework for monitoring glacial lake outburst floods, evaluated at Shisper Glacier, Karakoram</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fatima</surname>
<given-names>Zuha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sohaib</surname>
<given-names>Muhammad Anser</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Talha</surname>
<given-names>Muhammad</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kanwal</surname>
<given-names>Ayesha</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sultana</surname>
<given-names>Sidra</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Perwaiz</surname>
<given-names>Nazia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>30</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Zuha Fatima et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4316/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4316/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4316/egusphere-2026-4316.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4316/egusphere-2026-4316.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Lakes dammed by surging glaciers can fill and drain within one season, often under cloud. We present IceWatch, which combines a convolutional classifier of Sentinel-2 scenes (RiskFlow), forecasts of glacier velocity (TerraFlow) and land-surface temperature (TempFlow), and a probabilistic fusion stage (FusionFlow). We test it at Shisper Glacier, Karakoram, where an ice-dammed lake drained four times between 2019 and 2022, with all data taken over the lake and its dam, and scenes labelled from a published chronology. Trained on earlier years and tested on 2022 to 2025, RiskFlow detected both post-outburst scenes of 2022 with 2 false alarms in 102 other scenes. With each year held out in turn, it detected 4 of 7 post-outburst scenes with no false alarm in 151 others, whereas a water-index rule detected all 7 but raised 26 false alarms. A model trained on 103 other ice-dammed lakes did not transfer. TerraFlow was 30 % more accurate than persistence, and TempFlow beat persistence and climatology two days ahead. Three of the four outbursts followed cooler-than-normal weeks, and neither an agreement rule nor the fusion improved on RiskFlow. IceWatch can confirm drainage from the next clear scene; anticipating outbursts will require observations of lake filling.</p>
</abstract>
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