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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4212</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>High-resolution ensemble projections of ocean warming and sector-specific indices in the North and Baltic Seas</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ehlers</surname>
<given-names>Birte-Marie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Su</surname>
<given-names>Jian</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3603-8089</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Janssen</surname>
<given-names>Frank</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Skovgaard Madsen</surname>
<given-names>Kristine</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6371-1078</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Operational Modeling, Neptunallee 5, 18057, Rostock, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Danish Meteorological Institute, Weather Research, Sankt Kjelds Plads 11, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>28</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>33</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Birte-Marie Ehlers et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4212/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4212/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4212/egusphere-2026-4212.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4212/egusphere-2026-4212.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This study investigates future temperature changes in the surface and benthic layers of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea using a high-resolution, three-dimensional regional hydrodynamic ensemble. To simulate future ocean states, we forced our regional ocean model with a five-member atmospheric ensemble from EURO-CORDEX, using their dynamically downscaled variables under the high-emission RCP8.5 pathway across three 30-year climatological time slices: historical (1971&amp;ndash;2000), near-future (2031&amp;ndash;2060), and far-future (2071&amp;ndash;2100). Rigorous validation against long-term satellite observations reveals systematic, seasonally dependent model biases, marked by winter overestimation and summer underestimation of sea surface temperatures (SST). To mitigate these anomalies, a monthly linear scaling (MLS) bias correction scheme is implemented. Projections indicate an accelerated three-dimensional warming trend toward the end of the century, with pronounced regional hotspots exceeding 4&amp;ndash;5 &amp;deg;C in semi-enclosed arctic-amplification zones like the Bothnian Bay and the Gulf of Finland. To demonstrate why bias correction is vital and to illustrate the socioeconomic and ecological value of bias-corrected projections, the model results are converted into two sector-specific indicators. The surface-based &quot;bathing suitability index&quot; reveals an expansion of water temperatures above 20 &amp;deg;C along the western Baltic coast, indicating prolonged tourist seasons alongside heightened risks of pathogenic &lt;em&gt;Vibrio&lt;/em&gt; proliferation. Moreover, the bottom-based &quot;spawning survival index&quot; suggests that spring sea bottom temperatures (SBT) in the North Sea will consistently transcend the optimal 7 &amp;deg;C threshold for Atlantic cod (&lt;em&gt;Gadus morhua&lt;/em&gt;), driving an inevitable northward habitat migration. These results highlight the critical necessity of surface and vertical bias correction when deploying hydrodynamic models to inform regional climate adaptation frameworks.</p>
</abstract>
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