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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4111</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Cross-scale characteristics of extreme precipitation events under climate change</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Jingkun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Poschlod</surname>
<given-names>Benjamin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0247-2514</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ament</surname>
<given-names>Felix</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Global Water Security, Hamburg University of Technology, 21079 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Earth and Society Research Hub (ESRAH), Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>21</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Jingkun Yang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4111/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4111/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4111/egusphere-2026-4111.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4111/egusphere-2026-4111.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Extreme precipitation is intensifying globally, with Central Europe emerging as a hotspot for accelerating hydroclimatic risks. Traditional hazard metrics often fail to capture the spatial extent and compound temporal characteristics of these events. This study employs the cross-scale Weather Extremity Index (xWEI) &lt;span&gt;&amp;ndash; &lt;/span&gt;a metric integrating intensity, duration, and area &lt;span&gt;&amp;ndash; &lt;/span&gt;to systematically analyze the 200 most extreme precipitation events over Germany. Using high-resolution (3 km) convection-permitting COSMO-CLM simulations under the RCP8.5 scenario, we compare event characteristics across historical (1971&amp;ndash;2000), present (1990&amp;ndash;2019), and future (2031&amp;ndash;2060; 2071&amp;ndash;2100) climate states. Our results reveal a profound intensification: averaged over the top 200 events and relative to the historical baseline, the xWEI is projected to increase by 27 % and 45 % until the near and far futures, respectively. This is driven by increasing peak rainfall intensity, accompanied by a fundamental structural shift in the extreme-event population of the top 200 events. The composition transitions from being dominated by short-lived (1&amp;ndash;4 h), small-scale (&amp;lt; 5,000 km&amp;sup2;) events toward more persistent (12&amp;ndash;24 h) and spatially extensive rainfall systems. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the perceived severity of these changes depends on the statistical frame of reference. When return periods are re-calibrated (&quot;adapted&quot;) to each specific climate period, adjusting for the dominant effect of peak intensification, they reveal a second-order intensification that remains hidden in traditional assessments. This effect, diagnosed primarily between the historical and subsequent climates, manifests as a rise in the cross-duration and cross-space characteristics: events are becoming more extreme across a broader range of durations and areas simultaneously, significantly expanding the total volume of extreme precipitation. These findings highlight the emergence of more complex, high-impact hazard structures that necessitate the multi-scale assessment capabilities of the xWEI framework.</p>
</abstract>
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