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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-4064</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>An interpolation-free, natively resolved nest initialization for idealized tropical-cyclone simulations in WRF-ARW v4.5, evaluated against standard nesting and a uniform-mesh reference</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Xiuhang</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9112-9226</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Yudi</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2141-9305</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>11</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>32</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Xiuhang Li</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4064/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4064/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4064/egusphere-2026-4064.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-4064/egusphere-2026-4064.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Grid nesting is the standard route to convection-resolving resolution in tropical-cyclone (TC) modelling, but in the widely used idealized workflow of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-ARW) the fine domain is &lt;em&gt;initialized&lt;/em&gt; by interpolating the coarse parent state onto the fine mesh rather than by sampling the prescribed analytic vortex at the native fine resolution. Because the coarse parent under-resolves the inner core, this interpolated initial vortex carries a broadened radius of maximum wind, weakened radial gradients, and grid-scale truncation imprints, and the first hours of the run are contaminated by a geostrophic-adjustment shock&amp;mdash;an inertia&amp;ndash;gravity-wave burst and grid-imprinted asymmetries&amp;mdash;whose downstream effect on structure and intensity is difficult to control. We present and document a modification to the WRF-ARW (v4.5) idealized nesting initialization that decouples the inner domain from coarse-to-fine interpolation: the source code is altered so that the child domain lays down the prescribed vortex and base-state environment directly at its own 2 km resolution, sharing the parent&amp;rsquo;s base state and so remaining physically self-consistent. We compare this refined initialization (RE) against the standard official two-domain (6&amp;rarr;2 km; OR) and three-domain (18&amp;rarr;6&amp;rarr;2 km; OR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) configurations, and against a uniform 2 km single-domain run (UNI) whose inner-core initialization is identical to RE and which therefore serves as a resolution-matched reference solution. With a diagnostic suite&amp;mdash;perturbation-vorticity texture and its azimuthal-wavenumber spectrum, time&amp;ndash;radius diagrams of diabatic heating, radius&amp;ndash;height tangential wind and secondary circulation, low- and upper-level radial profiles, and mean absolute deviation from UNI&amp;mdash;we show that OR injects grid-scale pixelated noise and OR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; a systematic wavenumber-4 truncation artefact, both of which trigger a spurious early adjustment (in OR&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, a transient radius-of-maximumwind excursion to &amp;sim;120 km near &lt;em&gt;t&lt;/em&gt; &amp;asymp; 8&amp;ndash;12 h). The refined initialization removes these artefacts, produces a smooth quasi-balanced spin-up with the earliest and deepest boundary-layer inflow and the most compact, upright eyewall, and tracks UNI most closely in every intensity and structure metric (mean absolute deviation of minimum sea-level pressure 0.72 hPa versus 0.96&amp;ndash;1.08 hPa; near-surface tangential wind 0.35 m s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt; versus &amp;sim;1.7m s&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;1&lt;/sup&gt;). Crucially, the compactness of the initial core paces the eyewall life cycle: the boundary-layer inflow, the radius&amp;ndash;height eyewall structure, the secondary circulation, and the radius of maximum wind all show RE organizing earliest and the interpolated runs lagging by a consistent offset, so a comparison made at a single lead time can mistake this timing lag for a structural disagreement. The residual RE&amp;ndash;UNI difference over the first 36 h arises not from initialization but from the nesting mechanism itself, and surfaces first&amp;mdash;as expected&amp;mdash;in the phase of the most sensitive convective (reflectivity) field. The modification is inexpensive, reproducible, and intended as a reusable improvement and test case for idealized nested TC modelling.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
<award-id>41875060</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
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