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<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-3520</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Homogenization of integrated water vapour time series using twin GNSS stations and vertical step offsets</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ning</surname>
<given-names>Tong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Elgered</surname>
<given-names>Gunnar</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5711-0073</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Lantmäteriet (The Swedish Mapping, Cadastral and Land Registration Authority), SE-80182, Gävle, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Physics and Astronomy, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>09</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>18</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Tong Ning</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3520/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3520/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3520/egusphere-2026-3520.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3520/egusphere-2026-3520.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Accurate long-term GNSS-derived atmospheric water vapour time series are essential when used in climate research. However, these records are frequently affected by interventions, e.g., change of hardware at the station. We investigate the homogenization of integrated water vapour (IWV) time series using two GNSS stations on site. The ERA5 reanalysis product from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) was used as a reference for validation. The results demonstrate that estimating step offsets at the time epoch of the interventions based on the IWV differences between the co-located (twin) GNSS stations significantly improve the agreement with IWV trends from the ERA5 reanalysis. In addition, we find a strong negative correlation coefficient, up to &amp;minus;0.92, between step offsets in a single station&apos;s vertical component and the corresponding IWV step offsets derived from the twin stations. A 1 mm step offset in the vertical component corresponds to an IWV step offset of approximately 0.03 kg m&lt;sup&gt;&amp;minus;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Such a relationship can be used as a tool for the homogenization of IWV time series for single stations.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="18"/></counts>
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