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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-3474</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Understanding Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Progressive Excavation Damage Zone in Granitic Rocks &amp;ndash; Development of a Novel Mine-by and Laboratory Experimental Framework at the BedrettoLab</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hamdi</surname>
<given-names>Pooya</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-7914</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dickmann</surname>
<given-names>Jonas</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2513-8237</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kruszewski</surname>
<given-names>Michal</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-7257</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rinaldi</surname>
<given-names>Antonio Pio</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7052-8618</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Villiger</surname>
<given-names>Linus</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-7963</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shakas</surname>
<given-names>Alexis</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-4040</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Perras</surname>
<given-names>Mathew</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bahrani</surname>
<given-names>Navid</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bianchi</surname>
<given-names>Patrick</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0094-9668</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Achtziger-Zupancic</surname>
<given-names>Peter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gaines</surname>
<given-names>Steven</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bröker</surname>
<given-names>Kai</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3074-8533</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Xiaodong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Selvadurai</surname>
<given-names>Paul Antony</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3846-8333</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Durand</surname>
<given-names>Virginie</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Khaledi</surname>
<given-names>Kavan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jalali</surname>
<given-names>Mohammadreza</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9563-9645</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Golabchi</surname>
<given-names>Yousef</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5795-9119</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>Sam</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5648-6946</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zappone</surname>
<given-names>Alba Simona</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wimez</surname>
<given-names>Mathilde</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hertrich</surname>
<given-names>Marian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wiemer</surname>
<given-names>Stefan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Amann</surname>
<given-names>Florian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Chair of Engineering Geology &amp; Hydrogeology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geotechnologies, IEG, Aachen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Natural Resources Canada, Ontario, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Center for Hydrogeology and Geothermics, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>University of Science and Technology of China, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Hefei, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Geoazur Laboratory, Valbonne, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pooya Hamdi et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3474/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3474/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3474/egusphere-2026-3474.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3474/egusphere-2026-3474.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The brittle damage around tunnels in the form of spalling is common in massive crystalline rocks subjected to high in-situ stresses. Understanding the short-term development and long-term evolution of the Excavation Damage Zone (EDZ) is particularly important for deep geological repositories (DGRs) for heat-generating nuclear waste, as the EDZ may provide preferential pathways for radionuclide migration. This paper presents an overview of the PRECODE mine-by experiment at BedrettoLab, a newly developed underground research laboratory (URL) in southern Switzerland designed to investigate brittle fracturing and EDZ evolution in crystalline rocks under repository-relevant conditions. The PRECODE tunnel was excavated in Rotondo Granite using both controlled drill-and-blast (D&amp;amp;B) and line-drilling and rock-breaking (LDRB) methods to evaluate the influence of excavation technique on EDZ characteristics. The experiment combines multidisciplinary in-situ monitoring including acoustic emission, distributed acoustic and strain sensing, hydraulic monitoring, electrical resistivity tomography, and terrestrial laser scanning with laboratory-based fracture mechanics and time-dependent testing under varying environmental conditions. The main objectives are to characterize short-term EDZ formation, investigate long-term crack growth and stress corrosion processes, quantify permeability evolution, and assess the interaction between excavation-induced damage and nearby fault zones. Preliminary results indicate clear differences in AE activity and EDZ development between excavation methods, while observations from the mature EDZ of the more than 40-year-old Bedretto Tunnel suggest ongoing time-dependent brittle fracturing. The coupled in-situ and laboratory datasets provide a unique basis for improving predictive models and long-term safety assessments for nuclear waste repositories in crystalline rocks.</p>
</abstract>
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