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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-3457</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Rainfall monitoring based on spectral analysis of sound recordings in different geographical locations</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xavier</surname>
<given-names>Rodrigo S.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5957-8250</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Fleischmann</surname>
<given-names>Ayan S.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gosset</surname>
<given-names>Marielle</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1064-7003</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maciel</surname>
<given-names>Tarcísio F.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8861-1708</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kacou</surname>
<given-names>Modeste</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Silva</surname>
<given-names>Tamna G.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tewa</surname>
<given-names>Kouassi T.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>IRD, CNRS, UT3, CNES, Paris, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>18</day>
<month>08</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>34</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Rodrigo S. Xavier et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3457/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3457/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3457/egusphere-2026-3457.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3457/egusphere-2026-3457.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Recent interest in geophony-based approaches for rainfall monitoring has highlighted its potential as a low-cost complement to traditional methods. Yet, most existing techniques rely on model training and lack cross-site validation. In this study, we introduce and evaluate a simple acoustic metric for rainfall characterization based on deviations in power spectral density from a local baseline under dry-weather conditions. The method was applied to eight datasets containing audio recordings from tropical and temperate forests, as well as urban and semi-urban environments, and validated using rain gauge measurements. Results show consistently high correlations (&amp;asymp; 0.7) between the proposed metric and rainfall rate for the tropical (Amazonian and West African) datasets when low-frequency bands are chosen (0.2&amp;ndash;0.5 kHz), as opposed to the&lt;br /&gt;open-air dataset, which did not present significant correlation values. Additionally, for the temperate forest dataset (France), higher correlations are obtained on the higher part of the spectra (3.2&amp;ndash;3.5 kHz), likely due to wind and technophonic-related interferences (jet engine background noise) at lower frequencies. Although common frequency bands are identified across multiple sites, the amplitude of the proposed metric varies substantially between regions, indicating that a universal physical relationship for direct rainfall rate estimation may be difficult to achieve. These results highlight both the potential and the limitations of a simple, training-free acoustic metric for rainfall monitoring across diverse environments.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="34"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</funding-source>
<award-id>402661/2024-9</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas</funding-source>
<award-id>EDITAL 003/ 2023 ‐ PAINTER INFRA CT&amp;I</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs3">
<funding-source>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement</funding-source>
<award-id>IRN Rainsmore project</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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