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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-344</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A unified Hapke-HSR + MARMIT-2 soil radiative transfer model for reflectance simulation under varying moisture conditions</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ding</surname>
<given-names>Anxin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ma</surname>
<given-names>Han</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1123-7447</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liang</surname>
<given-names>Shunlin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2708-9183</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jiao</surname>
<given-names>Ziti</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>A. Kokhanovsky</surname>
<given-names>Alexander</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shi</surname>
<given-names>Hanyu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Xie</surname>
<given-names>Rui</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Key Laboratory of Humid Subtropical Eco-Geographical Process (Ministry of Education), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>School of Geographical Sciences, School of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350000, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Anhui Academic Society for Spatial Remote Sensing, Hefei 230009, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Jockey Club STEM Laboratory of Quantitative Remote Sensing, Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Geographical Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Science and Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>German Research Center for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>School of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>International Institute for Earth System Sciences, and School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>03</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>25</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Anxin Ding et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-344/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-344/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-344/egusphere-2026-344.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-344/egusphere-2026-344.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Soil radiative transfer models (RTMs) provide a physical basis for interpreting surface reflectance and retrieving land-surface parameters. However, most existing soil RTMs represent either the spectral-directional scattering behavior of dry soils or the moisture-induced absorption effects of wet soils, and a physically consistent formulation capable of jointly describing both processes remains limited. In this study, we develop a unified soil RTM by refining the Hapke-based hyperspectral reflectance model (Hapke-HSR) using dry soil reflectance and dynamically coupling it with the improved multilayer RTM of soil reflectance (MARMIT-2). The proposed Hapke- HSR + MARMIT-2 model explicitly represents the interaction between particle scattering and moisture-dependent absorption and refraction processes, enabling joint spectral-directional simulation of soil reflectance under varying soil moisture conditions. The model is systematically evaluated using eight independent soil spectral databases spanning a wide range of textures and moisture levels. Results show that the Hapke-HSR + MARMIT-2 model consistently improves simulation accuracy and stability relative to the individual Hapke-HSR and MARMIT-2 models, with particularly pronounced gains at high soil moisture regimes (SMC &amp;ge; 30 %). Across all datasets, the proposed model achieves higher performance (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.993, RMSE = 0.007) than MARMIT-2 (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.983, RMSE = 0.012) and Hapke-HSR (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 0.909, RMSE = 0.028). The proposed framework provides a physically interpretable and extensible basis for soil reflectance modeling and offers a robust foundation for future developments in multiangular hyperspectral remote sensing and land-surface parameter inversion.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="25"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
<award-id>42301363</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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