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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-3378</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A warm stagnant ocean leads to deep-ocean deoxygenation without widespread anoxia</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Anthonisz</surname>
<given-names>Benjamin W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hutchinson</surname>
<given-names>David K.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9385-4782</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Meissner</surname>
<given-names>Katrin J.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0716-7415</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Khatiwala</surname>
<given-names>Samar</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9048-3234</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pasquier</surname>
<given-names>Benoît</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3838-5976</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Australian Centre for Excellence in Antarctic Science, University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>ARC Centre of Excellence for 21st Century Weather, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>School of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>41</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Benjamin W. Anthonisz et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3378/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3378/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3378/egusphere-2026-3378.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3378/egusphere-2026-3378.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The speed and magnitude of anthropogenic climate change is unprecedented in the last 66 million years. To understand the potential impacts of these changes we must look to past abrupt warming events in the Earth&amp;rsquo;s history. Proxy evidence suggests that some rapid warming events in the Earth&amp;rsquo;s past have resulted in highly stratified ocean states and Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs), when large parts of the ocean became oxygen depleted and resulted in elevated extinction rates. Earth System Models (ESMs) typically struggle to represent highly stratified equilibrium states. Here we present three simulations under Miocene Climatic Optimum boundary conditions (MCO, &amp;sim;16.9&amp;ndash;14.7 million years ago; Ma) with three different &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (1&amp;times;, 2&amp;times; or 3&amp;times; preindustrial (PI)) using the Australian Earth System model (ACCESS-ESM1.5). When &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; was raised to 2&amp;times; or 3&amp;times; PI &lt;em&gt;p&lt;/em&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, circulation became dramatically altered due to cold initial conditions, resulting in a temperature-driven stratification which was stable for over 2000 years of integration. We then used a novel spin-up technique known as Anderson Acceleration (AA) to efficiently equilibrate the ocean biogeochemical fields, allowing us to investigate the equilibrium biogeochemical response to a stratified ocean state. While our high-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; MCO simulations are still in a transient state of deep ocean warming, which although not representative of MCO equilibrium, can give us some insight into equilibrium biogeochemistry, including dissolved oxygen, in a mostly stagnant abyssal ocean. Surprisingly, we do not find large scale deep anoxia or hypoxia due to a shoaling of the remineralisation depth.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="41"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Australian Research Council</funding-source>
<award-id>DE220100279</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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