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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-3260</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Split incentives in property-level flood adaptation across households, insurers and government in the Netherlands</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Oerlemans</surname>
<given-names>Cees</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8581-4444</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Taylor</surname>
<given-names>Zac J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>van den Boomen</surname>
<given-names>Martine</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-7680</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kok</surname>
<given-names>Matthijs</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628CN, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>HKV, Lelystad, 8232JN, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628BL, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotterdam, 3089JR, The Netherlands</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>18</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Cees Oerlemans et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3260/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3260/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3260/egusphere-2026-3260.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3260/egusphere-2026-3260.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Flood adaptation can be organized across multiple spatial scales, from national flood defences to individual buildings. Property-level risk estimates drive household adaptation decisions. Yet for the Dutch housing stock, how flood risk concentrates, distributes across stakeholders, shifts under methodological uncertainty, and translates into adaptation budgets remains unquantified. For 12,992 embanked Dutch residential properties, we combine precipitation and flood defence failures across two hazard and two vulnerability approaches for 2025 and 2050. Flood damage is sharply concentrated, with the top 5 % of properties carry more than half of expected annual damage. The stakeholder split also shifts over time. In 2025 government bears 56 % of damages, insurers 32 % and households 12 %; by 2050 this becomes 13 %, 72 % and 15 %. The three-stakeholder coalition budget exceeds the household-only budget by an order of magnitude, so co-financing across stakeholders could help close the split-incentive gap. These stakeholder patterns hold across hazard and vulnerability methods, yet per-property budgets vary by an order of magnitude. These findings connect two debates usually held apart, on the credibility of property-level flood risk estimates and on how to finance adaptation under a split-incentive. Both bear on how such estimates should inform flood adaptation decisions.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="27"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek</funding-source>
<award-id>NWA.1389.20.224</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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