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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-3108</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Bursty bulk flow ionospheric impacts from triple-conjunctive observations</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>George</surname>
<given-names>Harriet</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3715-4623</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dimmock</surname>
<given-names>Andrew P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lanabare</surname>
<given-names>Vanina</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vanhamäki</surname>
<given-names>Heikki</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3454-0350</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Virtanen</surname>
<given-names>Ilkka</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7111-8888</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Aikio</surname>
<given-names>Anita</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-5125</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Blagau</surname>
<given-names>Adrian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Marghitu</surname>
<given-names>Octav</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5057-653X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Myllymaa</surname>
<given-names>Milla</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tesfaw</surname>
<given-names>Habtamu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8300-0732</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Buchert</surname>
<given-names>Stephan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2158-6074</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Shumko</surname>
<given-names>Mykhaylo</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Swedish Institute for Space Physics, Uppsala, Sweden</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Space Sciences, Bucharest, Romania</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, United States of America</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>15</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>26</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Harriet George et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3108/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3108/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3108/egusphere-2026-3108.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-3108/egusphere-2026-3108.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Substorms are the regular reconfiguration of the Earth&apos;s geomagnetic space environment, and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling is integral to the substorm chain. Bursty bulk flows (BBFs) are mesoscale fast plasma flows that are released from magnetic reconnection sites in the magnetotail during substorms, and they couple to the ionosphere through field aligned current (FAC) systems. BBFs may drive localised changes to the ionospheric plasma, such as velocity flows or changes to the local temperature, density and conductivity, but determining the specific ionospheric effects of a given BBF and their associated FAC is a complex undertaking. In this study we identify triple-conjugate observations of BBF detections within the magnetotail, FAC observations in low Earth orbit and ground-based radar stations that observe the local ionospheric plasma in order to evaluate the different components of the coupled BBF-FAC-ionosphere system. We evaluate over 11000 BBFs and identify only 13 events that satisfy our conjunctive criteria. We perform detailed analysis of one of these BBFs, which occurred in the recovery phase of a relatively weak substorm, to evaluate the FAC associated with this BBF and its ionospheric impacts. Multiple FAC signatures were observed that are associated with the BBF, in addition to variations in the ionospheric velocity and temperature. There is an ongoing need for coordinated observations of the coupled BBF-FAC-ionosphere system to further distinguish the ionospheric impacts of BBFs from broader substorm dynamics.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="26"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>European Space Agency</funding-source>
<award-id>383 4000143412/23/I-EB</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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