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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2941</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>GWSWEX v1.0: a dual-solver 1D unsaturated zone model for mass-conservative groundwater recharge and runoff computation in distributed hydrological modelling</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kootanoor Sheshadrivasan</surname>
<given-names>Veethahavya</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2709-2967</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Langhammer</surname>
<given-names>Jakub</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>01</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Veethahavya Kootanoor Sheshadrivasan</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2941/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2941/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2941/egusphere-2026-2941.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2941/egusphere-2026-2941.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>The faithful numerical representation of the coupled dynamics between groundwater (GW), the unsaturated zone (UZ) and surface water (SW) remains one of the more persistent challenges of regional-scale integrated hydrological modelling. Physically-based models that solve the Richards equation in three dimensions provide a rigorous description of vertical fluxes, but their computational cost, sensitivity to parameter uncertainty, and tendency to over-emphasise capillary forces at the expense of preferential and non-equilibrium flow regimes limit their suitability as self-contained UZ modules for regional integrated hydrological models, ensemble simulations, and multi-decadal climate-impact studies. Conversely, the conceptual and water-balance bucket models routinely adopted at regional scales rarely retain enough vertical resolution to track the position of a moving groundwater head, to represent capillary rise from the GW into a depleted root zone, or to impose a physically consistent evapotranspiration (ET) stress that responds to the local soil-moisture state. This paper introduces GWSWEX (Groundwater&amp;ndash;Surface Water EXchange), a vertically resolved process-based modelling package designed to occupy the middle ground between these two extremes and to act as a UZ coupler between an external GW model and an external SW model within an integrated modelling chain. GWSWEX represents each model element as a layered 1-D soil column, tracks GW elevation, per-layer UZ storage, and SW ponding as prognostic states, and exposes two interchangeable numerical solvers behind a unified Python API: an explicit operator-split bucket-sequence solver with CFL-adaptive sub-stepping, and an implicit mixed-form Richards solver with Picard linearisation and Thomas-algorithm tridiagonal inversion. Both solvers share the same spatial discretisation, the same Mualem&amp;ndash;van Genuchten retention and conductivity relations, the same vertically integrated drainable-volume function for the moving groundwater head, and the same atmospheric and lateral boundary conditions. The model is implemented as a modern Fortran 2008 kernel with OpenMP parallelism over elements, exposed to Python via f2py, and configured through a Pydantic-validated user-facing API. Verification against HYDRUS-1D across six soil profiles and two contrasting forcing scenarios, together with an iterated one-at-a-time sensitivity analysis of the empirical parameters of both solvers and a parallel-ensemble computational performance benchmark, demonstrates sub-centimetre to near-centimetre GWH accuracy across smooth and intensive forcing regimes, characterises the physical limits of the layered-bucket abstraction, and examines the computational cost of the model at the ensemble sizes that regional integrated modelling requires.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="57"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>Grantová Agentura, Univerzita Karlova</funding-source>
<award-id>3300-246623</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>European Commission</funding-source>
<award-id>CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004605</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
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