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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2940</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A closed-to-open cell mixed-phase cloud transition observed over the Nordic Seas under high aerosol loading and strong surface fluxes</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ephraim</surname>
<given-names>Samuel</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zuidema</surname>
<given-names>Paquita</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4719-372X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bansemer</surname>
<given-names>Aaron</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3714-1099</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>Lintong</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Petters</surname>
<given-names>Markus</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4082-1693</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rosky</surname>
<given-names>Elise</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-4456</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Snider</surname>
<given-names>Jefferson R.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-1343</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Zhien</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3871-3834</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Woods</surname>
<given-names>Sarah</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2174-8889</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barry</surname>
<given-names>Kevin</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1896-1921</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Campos</surname>
<given-names>Theresa</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7226-3569</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cruikshank</surname>
<given-names>Owen</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7839-0702</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Eckhardt</surname>
<given-names>Sabine</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6958-5375</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Evangeliou</surname>
<given-names>Nikolaos</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7196-1018</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
<sup>8</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Foskinis</surname>
<given-names>Romanos</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0221-3328</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>French</surname>
<given-names>Jeffrey R.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1993-0585</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Geerts</surname>
<given-names>Bart</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1508-6121</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Grasmick</surname>
<given-names>Coltin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Henning</surname>
<given-names>Silvia</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9267-7825</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kumar</surname>
<given-names>Varun</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2669-9633</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Massling</surname>
<given-names>Andreas</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mavis</surname>
<given-names>Camille</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>McFarquhar</surname>
<given-names>Greg M.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0950-0135</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nenes</surname>
<given-names>Athanasios</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3873-9970</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
<sup>10</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Noer</surname>
<given-names>Gunnar</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
<sup>15</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Patnaude</surname>
<given-names>Ryan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-8279</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Perkins</surname>
<given-names>Russell</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2351-2362</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sorensen</surname>
<given-names>Lise Lotte</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9823-589X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Skov</surname>
<given-names>Henrik</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1167-8696</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tatro</surname>
<given-names>Tyler</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8439-7249</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tornow</surname>
<given-names>Florian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
<sup>17</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Lu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-0693</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>U.S. NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff6">
<label>6</label>
<addr-line>State University of New York at Stonybrook, Stonybrook, NY, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff7">
<label>7</label>
<addr-line>Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Stiftelsen NILU, Kjeller, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff9">
<label>9</label>
<addr-line>National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff10">
<label>10</label>
<addr-line>Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff11">
<label>11</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Denmark</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff12">
<label>12</label>
<addr-line>Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff13">
<label>13</label>
<addr-line>Cooperative Institute for Severe and High-Impact Weather Research and Operations, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff14">
<label>14</label>
<addr-line>School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff15">
<label>15</label>
<addr-line>Met Norway, Bergen, Norway</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff16">
<label>16</label>
<addr-line>Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff17">
<label>17</label>
<addr-line>Goddard Institute for Space Studies, NASA, New York, NY, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>11</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>47</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Samuel Ephraim et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2940/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2940/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2940/egusphere-2026-2940.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2940/egusphere-2026-2940.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Closed-to-open cell mixed-phase cloud transitions within marine cold air outbreaks subjected to strong turbulent surface fluxes remain poorly understood despite their importance to high-latitude climate. The Cold-Air outbreak Experiment in the Sub-Arctic Region (CAESAR) research aircraft sampled closed-cells with cloud condensation nuclei concentrations surpassing 680 cm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;, decreasing to 90 cm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; across a transition to open-cells. The aerosol likely originated from Siberian industrial emissions. With fetch, liquid water paths (LWPs) increase from 120 g m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; to 270 g m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; and cloud-top effective diameters increase from 10 &amp;mu;m to 16 &amp;mu;m, coincident with more riming. Ice particle number concentrations (N&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt;) are generally 2 L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; or less, but exceed ice nucleating particle number concentrations by 100x. As the cloud-top inversion weakens and the boundary layer deepens further, ice precipitation co-exists with lidar-observed surface cold pools, modulated by entrainment events, juxtaposed with surface-based plumes of warm moist air. Open-cells contain isolated LWP peaks surpassing 500 g m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; collocated with strong updrafts, adjacent to glaciated cloud. N&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; surpasses 10 L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; at cloud temperatures &amp;lt; -15 &amp;deg;C. Precipitation shafts contain abundant large graupel (&amp;gt; 5 mm diameter) with liquid-equivalent precipitation intensities reaching 3 mm hr&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; developing cold pools with virtual potential temperature depressions reaching 1.3 K. Nonetheless, buoyancy fluxes of 200-250 W m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; prevent sub-cloud decoupling. The updrafts supporting liquid water production occur at the upwind edge of the cold pools. This case expands the observations needed to better understand mixed-phase Arctic cloud processes.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="47"/></counts>
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<funding-source>National Science Foundation</funding-source>
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</front>
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<back>
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