<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" specific-use="SMUR" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2877</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Trifluoroacetic acid enhances sulfuric acid&amp;ndash;ammonia nucleation in the cold atmosphere: Molecular mechanism and atmospheric implications</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname>
<given-names>Ling</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3719-4083</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cai</surname>
<given-names>Zizhou</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ning</surname>
<given-names>An</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6530-4465</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chu</surname>
<given-names>Biwu</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7548-5669</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zu</surname>
<given-names>Haotian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Jing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>Jiayi</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Xiuhui</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9570-7882</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>State Key Laboratory of Environment Characteristics and Effects for Near-space, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>20</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Ling Liu et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2877/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2877/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2877/egusphere-2026-2877.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2877/egusphere-2026-2877.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>New particle formation (NPF) is a major source of atmospheric particulates and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), yet conventional sulfuric acid (SA)&amp;ndash;ammonia (NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) nucleation cannot fully explain the observed NPF and CCN generation. While recent CLOUD studies have shown that nitric acid can enhance SA&amp;ndash;NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; nucleation in the cold upper troposphere [Nature, 605, 483-489, 2022], this mechanism can only explain particle formation under certain cold atmospheric environments. Here, we use trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as a model perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) to investigate the stabilizing effect of PFCAs on SA&amp;ndash;NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; clusters, given their atmospheric nucleation relevance, long lifetime, and widespread distribution. Using quantum chemical calculations with Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code simulations, we find that TFA forms stable cage-like SA&amp;ndash;NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;ndash;TFA clusters via strong hydrogen bonds and proton transfer. At 220 K (favourable cold conditions), TFA enhances the SA&amp;ndash;NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; nucleation rate by up to 950-fold and contributes up to 93 % of the main simulated growth flux at low SA. TFA assisted stabilization represents a potentially efficient pathway for SA&amp;ndash;NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; nucleation in cold atmospheres. This mechanism is most directly relevant to the cold boundary layer environments where TFA has been measured. In the upper troposphere, its role serves as a critical low-temperature mechanistic insight, pending direct observations of gas-phase TFA aloft. This study provides a molecular-level foundation for understanding general PFCA-enhanced nucleation mechanisms in cold atmospheric environments.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="23"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars</funding-source>
<award-id>22225607</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
<award-id>22376013</award-id>
<award-id>22306011</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
</back>
</article>