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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">EGUsphere</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>EGUsphere</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">EGUsphere</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub"></issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/egusphere-2026-2812</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>A Bayesian Maximum Entropy Framework Using Vertical Profiles to Improve Surface Ozone Estimation From IASI+GOME2, OMI/MLS, And Cris Satellite Ozone Observations</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Hantao</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Serre</surname>
<given-names>Marc L.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3145-4024</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Miyazaki</surname>
<given-names>Kazuyuki</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1466-4655</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cuesta</surname>
<given-names>Juan</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9330-6401</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ziemke</surname>
<given-names>Jerry R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>West</surname>
<given-names>J. Jason</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-4987</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Univ. Paris Est Créteil and Université de Paris Cité, CNRS, LISA, 94010 Créteil, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 20771, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>12</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2026</volume>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>36</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Hantao Wang et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2812/">This article is available from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2812/</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2812/egusphere-2026-2812.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2026/egusphere-2026-2812/egusphere-2026-2812.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Satellite observations are essential for global tropospheric ozone monitoring, but their ability to estimate ground-level ozone remains limited because of weak sensitivity and substantial uncertainty near the surface. In this study, we develop new methods for adjusting satellite ozone observations (IASI+GOME2, OMI/MLS, and CrIS) through chemistry-transport reanalysis and in situ ozone vertical profile measurements. Using these methods, we create global maps of ground-level ozone concentrations based on satellite observations. We use the Bayesian Maximum Entropy framework to horizontally interpolate the vertical profiles from ozonesondes and IAGOS and improve the accuracy of both the satellite column measurements and the surface-to-column ratios from a chemical reanalysis. This is done for monthly average maximum daily 8-hr ozone concentrations over several years. For the three satellites, surface ozone estimated from the BME-adjusted column-to-surface conversion showed improved agreement with TOAR-II observations. For IASI+GOME2 (2017&amp;ndash;2020), global R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; increased from 0.25 to 0.51, and RMSE was reduced from 10.74 to 9.44 ppb. For OMI/MLS tropospheric column (2005&amp;ndash;2022), global R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; increased from 0.26 to 0.57, and RMSE decreased from 22.21 to 7.79 ppb. For the CrIS 0&amp;ndash;3 km ozone (2022), global R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; increased from 0.30 to 0.56, and RMSE decreased from 16.48 to 9.45 ppb. The method&apos;s efficacy was found to be highest within 6&amp;deg; of a vertical profile station and most impactful when the original satellite data quality was low. The resulting satellite-based monthly ground-level ozone estimates can be used further as an independent input to data fusion methods.</p>
</abstract>
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<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>National Aeronautics and Space Administration</funding-source>
<award-id>NNX16AQ30G</award-id>
<award-id>80NSSC23K0930</award-id>
</award-group>
<award-group id="gs2">
<funding-source>NASA Harvest</funding-source>
<award-id>19-AURAST19-0044</award-id>
<award-id>22-ACMAP22-0013</award-id>
<award-id>22-EUSPI22-0005</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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